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Valve Disease
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
An understanding of the anatomy of normal cardiac valves is essential for studying the alterations in function produced by pathological processes. The structure and function of the two semi-lunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) are very different from those of the atrioventricular (AV) valves (mitral and tricuspid). Most pathological processes mainly affect the mitral and aortic valves because they are subjected to higher haemodynamic pressures compared with the tricuspid and pulmonary valves.
Cardiovascular system
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
8.19. Which of the following is/are found in children with tetralogy of Fallot?The heart appears enlarged on chest X-ray.Cyanosis is invariably present by the first birthday.Pulmonary valve stenosis must be present to make the diagnosis.A right aortic arch is present in more than 15% of cases.The aortic valve is smaller than usual.
Intimal Sarcoma of the Pulmonary Artery
Published in Wickii T. Vigneswaran, Thoracic Surgery, 2019
As reported by Bleisch and colleagues, pulmonary trunk is affected in 100% in patients presenting with PAS. Pulmonary valve is affected in around 57% of cases and right ventricle in 25% of the cases [2]. For this reason, to avoid dramatic hemodynamic consequences, early management of this aggressive tumor is mandatory, and whenever feasible, a surgical resection should be performed [3].
Next Generation Sequencing in a Case of Early Onset Hydrops: Closing the Loop on the Diagnostic Odyssey!
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Priya Ranganath, Vineeth VS, Ikromi Rungsung, Ashwin Dalal, Shagun Aggarwal
Fetal anthropometry corresponded to 50th centile for 13–14 weeks of gestational age. Internal examination showed normal abdominal viscera and structures. Thoracic cavity showed an anteriorly placed cardiac apex with rudimentary right ventricle. Pulmonary artery was 1 mm in diameter and aorta was 2 mm in diameter, communication between pulmonary artery and right ventricle could not be established hence a diagnosis of possible pulmonary valve atresia with pulmonary artery stenosis was made. A nubbin like tissue was seen on the surface of the right ventricle not communicating with the cavity, suspected to be a part of developing right ventricle (Figure 2f and g). Inter-atrial septum, bilateral atrium, left ventricle, inter-ventricular septum and aorta were normal in their structure and orientation. Lungs, trachea, and esophagus appeared normal. A final diagnosis of fetal hydrops with cardiac abnormality (hypoplastic/rudimentary right ventricle with outflow tract defect) and nonspecific dysmorphism was made.
Applications of computational fluid dynamics to congenital heart diseases: a practical review for cardiovascular professionals
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2021
Gianluca Rigatelli, Claudio Chiastra, Giancarlo Pennati, Gabriele Dubini, Francesco Migliavacca, Marco Zuin
The Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a major congenital cardiac disease including pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta and right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy, which result in cyanosis and accounts for 7%–10% of all CHDs [46]. The surgical widening of the right ventricular outflow tract usually produces a certain degree of pulmonary valve regurgitation (PR), which can result in RV volume and pressure overload over time. PR could also play a role in the formation of vortex flow in PAs, although the etiology is still poorly understood. In general, flow vortices are associated with alteration in WSS and affect endothelial function [47]. CFD could potentially identify parameters suitable for the prediction of outcomes in patients with repaired ToF and refine the timing for pulmonary valve replacement. Moreover, CFD coupled with virtual procedure simulation could be used to anticipate the results and tailor possible percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation according to the patients’ anatomy and flow patterns, as already showed by Capelli et al. [48].
Aortic valve: anatomy and structure and the role of vasculature in the degenerative process
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2021
Vasiliki Katsi, Nikolaos Magkas, Alexios Antonopoulos, Georgios Trantalis, Konstantinos Toutouzas, Dimitrios Tousoulis
Owing to the semilunar fashion that the leaflets are attached to the wall of the aortic root, three triangles are formed, the interleaflet triangles, each one found between the attachments of two adjacent leaflets and between two adjacent sinuses of Valsalva [3,5] (Figure 2). The interleaflet triangle between the right and left coronary leaflet faces the pulmonary valve and its base is on the septal component of the right ventricle outflow tract [7]. The interleaflet triangle between the left and the non-coronary leaflet along with the larger part of the non-coronary leaflet and a part of the left coronary leaflet are in fibrous continuity with the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve via the aortic-mitral curtain. The two edges of the aortic-mitral curtain are thickened and form the right and left fibrous trigones that anchor the aortic-mitral unit to the roof of the LV [5] (Figures 1(A) and 2). The triangle between the right and non-coronary sinus faces the right atrium [11] and is confluent with the membranous septum; the membranous septum and the right fibrous trigone constitute the central fibrous body of the heart, which is the strongest part of the cardiac skeleton [5,10] (Figures 1(A) and 2).