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The history of circulation
Published in Dinker B. Rai, Mechanical Function of the Atrial Diastole, 2022
The anatomical structure of the heart was defined by Aristotle and the rest of the stalwarts who followed him continued his teachings. Aristotle defined the heart as hard flesh not easily injured and composed of hard and tense muscular fibers. That definition surpassed all the others. Definitely only two chambers of the heart, the right and left ventricles, corresponded to that description of the heart with the exception of the auricle of the atrium, which appears to be an appendage of the ventricle. The remainder of the atrium did not even come close to it and was never considered to be a functional part of the heart. Sir William Harvey did not devote any importance to the atrial chambers in his theory of the explanation of the motion of blood in the body. He concentrated his efforts solely on the ventricular chambers. He thought of the atria as a storage house for blood. Up to the end of Galen's era, all anatomists believed that the arteries and veins were end vessels and diffused into the tissues.
The patient with acute cardiovascular problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Each side of the heart is comprised of two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle. The atria are the smaller chambers and act as a conduit for blood to be collected and transferred into the ventricles. The ventricles are the larger chambers and move the blood out of the heart. The right ventricular wall has a thinner wall than that of the left ventricle, as it is only required to eject the blood into the pulmonary circulation, whereas the left ventricle is required to send the blood out to the peripheries of the body under sufficient pressure to facilitate the perfusion of the tissues. Hence, the left ventricle has a considerably greater muscle mass in comparison to the right ventricle.
Ventricular Septal Defect
Published in K. Gupta, P. Carmichael, A. Zumla, 100 Short Cases for the MRCP, 2020
K. Gupta, P. Carmichael, A. Zumla
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is characterized by a communication between the two ventricles. The shunt is usually left to right because of the pressure differences. In >50% of cases the smaller defects may close spontaneously during the first year of life. The CXR is usually normal in patients with small to medium defects. In those with larger defects, cardiomegaly and other features of cardiac failure may be present. In such patients the ECG may show left ventricular or biventricular hypertrophy and with the development of moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension right axis deviation is common.
Establishment of a new arrhythmia model in SD rats induced by isoproterenol
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2023
Zijing Guo, Nan Zhang, Kexin Ma, Qinghua Lei, Guoping Ma, Baozhu Ding, Yi Zhong, Wenjie Liang, Nan Li
ECGs of the rats before and after induction were continuously recorded, and the ventricular premature beat (VP), ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) were determined according to the Lambeth Conventions standard. The early appearance of QRS complexes was used to identify VP; nonsustained VT (NSVT) indicated that the number of consecutive occurrences of VP was less than 15; sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT) meant that the number of consecutive occurrences of VP was at least 15; the atrioventricular block (AVB) was found between the atria and ventricles, and the impulse was slowed or blocked. The arrhythmia score (severity) was divided into 5 under the basic rating system as follows: 0 = no arrhythmia, 1 = single VP, 2 = double VP, 3 = three VP or NSVT, 4 = SVT or AVB, and 5 = death [14–16].
Migration of lipiodol into lateral ventricles after embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformation: a case report
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Mamoru Murakami, Gaku Fujiwara, Daisuke Maruyama, Yujiro Komaru, Nobukuni Murakami
To our knowledge, this is the first report of lipiodol migration into the lateral ventricles after embolization of cerebral AVM. On pathological examination of a mixture of NBCA and lipiodol, the oily component is usually within the inside diameter of the paraffin section and is composed of a number of fat droplets, whereas the adhesive component is situated in the periphery.2 Vessel wall integrity was reported to be maintained in all embolized vessels, and no evidence of perivascular extravasation of embolic material was observed in any specimen.3 Considering these pathological findings, we speculated that the nidus aneurysm was a pseudoaneurysm whose wall was composed of clot and protruded into the lateral ventricle. When the clot resorbed, the lipiodol escaped (Figure 6).
The non-invasive echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular myocardial work in a healthy population
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2023
Jian Wu, Xinyi Huang, Kunhui Huang, Qiumei Gao, Xu Chen, Yuan Tian, Yiruo Tang, Biqin Lin, Maolong Su
For decades, the importance of the right ventricle in clinical work and research on cardiovascular disease was neglected compared to that of the left ventricle. However, with increasing evidence that right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is closely related to the treatment and prognosis of diseases (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension [PH], after cardiac surgery and congenital heart disease), the right ventricle has received increasing attention from clinical and scientific researchers [1]. The most frequently used methods to analyse RV function are measuring the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV fractional area change (RV FAC) and myocardial tissue Doppler velocities (S’) [2–4]. However, TAPSE, RV FAC and S’ do not consider RV afterload. Because afterload has a major effect on the thin-walled right ventricle, ignoring the influence of afterload will make the parameters incapable of being used to accurately evaluate RV function [5]. Recently, RV longitudinal strain, as a superior method of RV function evaluation, is still an afterload-dependent parameter [6,7].