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Upper Limb
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
Developmental studies carried out in recent years have revealed important differences in the expression patterns associated with morphogenesis of the upper limb versus that of the lower limb and between proximal and distal regions within each limb. The formation of the muscles of the pectoral girdle occurs through mechanisms that are markedly different from the well-studied migration of myogenic cells from the somites to the limb bud muscles, which forms the arm, forearm, and hand. Instead, the abaxial pectoral girdle muscles develop by an “in-out” mechanism whereby migration of myogenic cells from the somites into the limb bud is followed by their extension from the proximal limb bud back onto the thorax. The primaxial pectoral girdle muscles are induced by the upper limb field that promotes myotomal extension (the migration of cells) directly from the somites. The appearance of the upper limb is followed by the development of the pectoral girdle that attaches the limb to the axial skeleton. The mechanisms involved in limb development are thus able to induce and recruit axial structures (e.g., part of the scapula and the primaxial pectoral girdle muscles) for the anchorage of the limb.
Principles of fractures
Published in Ashley W. Blom, David Warwick, Michael R. Whitehouse, Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017
Boyko Gueorguiev, Fintan T. Moriarty, Martin Stoddart, Yves P. Acklin, R. Geoff Richards, Michael Whitehouse
Certain fractures are apt to cause secondary injuries and these should always be assumed to have occurred until proved otherwise. Thoracic injuries – Fractured ribs or sternum may be associated with injury to the lungs or heart. It is essential to check cardiorespiratory function.Spinal cord injury – With any fracture of the spine, neurological examination is essential to: (1) establish whether the spinal cord or nerve roots have been damaged; and (2) obtain a baseline for later comparison if neurological signs should change.Pelvic and abdominal injuries – Fractures of the pelvis may be associated with visceral injury. It is especially important to enquire about urinary function; if a urethral or bladder injury is suspected, diagnostic urethrograms or cystograms may be necessary.Pectoral girdle injuries – Fractures and dislocations around the pectoral girdle may damage the brachial plexus or the large vessels at the base of the neck. Neurological and vascular examination is essential.
Bones, joints, muscles and tendons
Published in Kevin G Burnand, John Black, Steven A Corbett, William EG Thomas, Norman L Browse, Browse’s Introduction to the Symptoms & Signs of Surgical Disease, 2014
Kevin G Burnand, John Black, Steven A Corbett, William EG Thomas, Norman L Browse
Remember that: heart and lung injuries are associated with fractures of the ribs and sternum (see Chapter 2);the spinal cord may be injured in patients with spinal fractures (see Chapter 9);pelvic fractures are associated with abdominal visceral and urinary tract injuries (see Chapters 9, 15 and 17);pectoral girdle injuries are often associated with brachial plexus and subclavian vascular injuries (see Chapters 3 and 10).
Impacts of ingested MWCNT-Embedded nanocomposites in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Melissa Chernick, Alan Kennedy, Treye Thomas, Keana C. K. Scott, Christine Ogilvie Hendren, Mark R. Wiesner, David E. Hinton
Six fish (3 females, 3 males) in each group were processed for histology. Immediately following euthanasia, a disposable extended length fine tip pipette was inserted into the buccal cavity and 10% neutral buffered formalin (10% NBF; VWR) was flushed into a branchial cavity, pharynx, and foregut. Next, microdissection scissors (Ted Pella, Redding, CA) were used to make a ventral incision from the anus to near the pectoral girdle. In order to facilitate the fixation of deep tissues, the pipette was used to gently flush the fixative into the abdominal cavity, making sure to not displace internal organs. Next, specimens were immersed in 10 times volume of 10% NBF and fixed overnight on an orbital shaker at room temperature. Then, one male per treatment group was prepared for transverse sectioning by cutting two crosswise portions. The first portion consisted of the head to just past the operculum, with the second ending just caudally to the abdomen. Cut portions were returned to fixative. All fixed specimens were stored at 4 °C until processing.