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Sensory Examination
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Two sensory receptors convert the stimulus to encoded information in a stream of action potential transferring to the cerebral cortex for interpretation.Pacinian corpuscles, which respond quickly to a stimulus and subsequently fade.Merkel discs, which respond more slowly but continue to give a sustained response [2].
An introduction to skin and skin disease
Published in Rashmi Sarkar, Anupam Das, Sumit Sethi, Concise Dermatology, 2021
Recently, very fine nerve fibres have been identified in the epidermis, but most of the fibres run alongside the blood vessels in the dermal papillae and deeper in the dermis. There are several types of specialized sensory receptor in the upper dermis that detect particular sensations. Free nerve endings perceive touch, temperature, pain, and itch. Pacinian corpuscles respond to deep pressure and vibrations. Other sensory receptors include Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, Meissner’s corpuscle (responding to dynamic pressure), Ruffini corpuscles (responding to stretching of the skin), and mucocutaneous end organs.
Neurophysiology of Joints
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
Håkan Johansson, Per Sjölander
Several morphological varieties of Pacinian corpuscles have been described (30,31,34,38), and many different names have been used for this receptor type: Krause’s Endkörperchen, Vater-Pacinian corpuscles, Paciniform corpuscles, simple Pacinian corpuscles, Golgi-Mazzoni bodies, and bulbous corpuscles (2). Some authors argue that the Paciniform bodies found in articular tissues are not true pacinian corpuscles since they are small and have relatively few laminae (2). The Pacinian corpuscles in articular tissues (see Fig. 2D) are encapsulated, conical corpuscles that are slightly smaller (20–40 μm wide and 150–250 um long) (2,34,38) than those found in extraarticular tissues. They are rapidly adapting and have low thresholds of mechanical stress, and their parent axons are 8–12 μm in diameter (2,5,33). Pacinian corpuscles have been identified within the capsule, the medial meniscus, the ligaments (cruciate, collateral, and meniscofemoral), and the extra- and intraarticular fat pads of the knee joint (2,13,28,31,34,38,42,44,52,53,55). They have also been found in the capsules and fat pads of several other joints (3,17,18,45,46,50,51,65), in the collateral ligament complex and palmar ligament of metacarpophalangeal joint (46), and in the temporomandibular joint articular disk (31). They are silent in the joint at rest and when the joint is rotated at constant speed, but become active at acceleration and deceleration (2,30). Therefore, they are regarded as pure dynamic mechanoreceptors (2,5,13,28,30).
Low efficacy using the 256-Hz tuning fork when evaluating the influence of somatosensation in balance control for relatively healthy elderly
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2018
The 256-Hz tuning fork probably does not have the ideal frequency to accurately test our subject’s vibratory sensation. Pacinian corpuscles, one of the primary mechanoreceptors mainly attributed to vibratory sensibility, responds best to vibrations between 120 and 250 Hz. This means using the 128-Hz frequency provides a clearer separation of normal from abnormal proprioception than 64 or 256-Hz tuning forks [16]. Furthermore, the 128-Hz tuning fork is by many considered the best choice to test vibration sensation for patients with peripheral neuropathy [10]. Some consider the 128-Hz tuning fork even to be comparable to the biothesiometer test in detecting loss of protective sensation of the diabetic foot, as well as for assessing vibration perception in elderly [17]. In other words, if we had used the 128-Hz frequency, we may have captured stronger associations between tuning fork tests and the other tests (particularly VPT) and questionnaires. The scope of this study, however, was to attempt to replicate and build on findings from Kristinsdottir et al. and therefore utilize the 256-Hz frequency.
Genital vibration for sexual function and enhancement: a review of evidence
Published in Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 2018
Jordan E. Rullo, Tierney Lorenz, Matthew J. Ziegelmann, Laura Meihofer, Debra Herbenick, Stephanie S. Faubion
The penis contains a variety of superficial and deep nerve receptors that sense changes in pressure, temperature, stretch, and pain. A specific type of sensory mechanoreceptor known as a Pacinian corpuscle plays a prominent role in transduction of vibratory stimulation into afferent neural signals (Tajkarimi & Burnett, 2011). These signals are transmitted along individual nerve fibers, ultimately converging to form the dorsal nerve of the penis (DNP), which runs along the penile shaft. The DNP is a branch of the pudendal nerve (PN). Other branches from the ventral aspect of the penis, scrotum, and perineum also contribute to penile sensation (Everaert et al., 2010; Tajkarimi & Burnett, 2011). Similar to the penis, the scrotum is innervated by distal branches of the PN, which carries sensory information proximally to the spinal cord (Tajkarimi & Burnett, 2011). Vibratory penile nerve stimulation is transmitted to the sacral spinal cord via the PN, where a complex network of inputs from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex takes place (Steers, 2000). Afferent signals from the PN are also transmitted to supraspinal centers involved in higher level processing including the medial preoptic area and paraventricular nuclei within the hypothalamus, thalamus, and even the cerebral cortex (Tajkarimi & Burnett, 2011). Interestingly, several rat studies have shown that oxytocin-mediated neuronal signaling between pudendal afferents, the hypothalamus, and the sacral spinal cord contributes to penile erection (Argiolas, Melis, & Gessa, 1985). Afferents originating from the DNP excite oxytocin cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat (Tajkarimi & Burnett, 2011; Yanagimoto, Honda, Goto, & Negoro, 1996).
Pacinian hyperplasia presenting with Raynaud’s phenomenon
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2019
Brent B. Pickrell, Simon G. Talbot, Danielle C. Costigan, Christian E. Sampson
The Pacinian corpuscle is a rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor, responding to the onset or cessation of pressure or vibration [2]. It is the only end-organ sensory receptor large enough to be visualized with the naked eye [2]. It consists of a single nerve fiber with a terminal non-myelinated portion enclosed within a multi-lamellated connective tissue capsule, akin to an onion, on cross-sectional histologic view (Figure 5(a,b)) [2,3,6]. The outer capsule is continuous with the perineurium of the adjacent digital nerve.