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Global Oral Health and Inequalities
Published in Vincent La Placa, Julia Morgan, Social Science Perspectives on Global Public Health, 2023
Oral diseases are a global public health issue. They are among the most prevalent diseases in the world and have a considerable effect on people’s quality of life. Oral diseases also create a significant economic burden for society (Peterson et al., 2005). Of all oral diseases, the most common are dental caries, periodontal disease, and cancers of the oral cavity, including the lips. Worldwide, oral diseases affect 3.9 billion people and untreated caries in adults was found to be the most prevalent condition in the Global Burden of Disease Study (UN, 2011; Marcenes et al., 2013; Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2016). They also share common risk factors with other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which have increased sharply in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Poor oral health can indicate low socio-economic status, poverty, and lack of access to services, with oral health inequality increasing. This chapter will focus on health inequalities and the burden of oral disease globally, also linking it to the process of the globalisation of health and lifestyle.
Data and Picture Interpretation Stations: Cases 1–45
Published in Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Livy Kenyon, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, ENT OSCEs, 2023
Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Livy Kenyon, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar
Oral cancer arises from the mucosa of the oral cavity. Squamous cell carcinomas account for over 90% of these cancers. Early cancers present as white or red patches of the mucosa which can then ulcerate and bleed. Patients should be carefully examined for concurrent tumours and spread to the neck. Biopsy and imaging with CT/MRI form the mainstay of investigations. Tumour, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging is used plan treatment and inform prognosis. Surgical excision is the primary treatment which may involve reconstruction of the defect. Neck dissection is often required because of the high chance of metastatic spread. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy can have complications both short term, such as mucositis, and longer term such as osteoradionecrosis. All patients should be managed with an MDT approach.
Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Many diseases of the oral cavity are caused by bacteria, especially bacteria that are indigenous to the mouth. These infections are among the most common bacterial infections of man. As the organisms causing them are not highly pathogenic, host factors play a role in whether disease develops following infection.
The association between oral hygiene and head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2023
Xue Bai, Chunyan Cui, Jiajia Yin, Hua Li, Qiwei Gong, Bo Wei, Yifan Lu
In this systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the impact of oral hygiene on HNC and its sub-sites, we found that oral hygiene was associated with HNC. Tooth brushing ≥2 a day, dental floss use, denture wearing, caries ≥3, and dental visit ≥1 reduced the risk of oral cavity cancer while mouth wash use, missing teeth >5, gum bleeding, and periodontal disease increased the risk of oral cavity cancer. For oropharynx cancer, tooth brushing ≥2 and caries ≥3 was associated with reduced risk of it. Tooth brushing ≥2 and dental visits ≥1 decreased the risk of pharynx cancer risk and larynx cancer risk, however, missing teeth >5 increased both of them. Based on our subgroup analysis, dental visit ≥1 time a year reduced the risk of HNC among those who smoked tobacco. The periodontal disease was also associated with an increased risk of HNC among those who ever smoked.
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
The oral cavity serves as the entry point for the digestive system. As a part of the body directly exposed to environmental cues, to nutrients, and to pathogens, it plays critical roles in health and homeostasis. Anatomically, the oral cavity begins with the lips, which open to the vestibule, the area between the cheeks, teeth, and lips (Box 1; Figure 1). The main area of the oral cavity, or oral cavity proper, consists of the tongue and the alveolar processes containing the teeth. Anteriorly, the roof forms by the hard palate and posteriorly by the soft palate (Figure 1). The oral cavity is protected throughout by a mucous membrane known as the oral mucosa, which is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and constitutes the inner lining of the mouth (Box 1; Figure 1).
Periapical status transitions in teeth with posts versus without posts: a retrospective longitudinal radiographic study
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Marika Koutsouri Haereid, Lina Stangvaltaite-Mouhat, Vibeke Ansteinsson, Ibrahimu Mdala, Dag Ørstavik
The following inclusion criteria were applied:Absence of periapical pathosis at the start of the endodontic treatment. The indications for treatment of the teeth included were asymptomatic pulpitis, symptomatic pulpitis, pre-prosthetic endodontics, necrotic pulp without periapical lesion and prophylactic treatment without periapical lesion. Prophylactic treatment was performed on teeth scheduled for restorative treatment including posts, which were without lesions but with root fillings judged inadequate or exposed to the oral cavity and on teeth with deep fillings and questionable pulp vitality. In patients with more than one root canal treatment, one tooth for analysis was randomly selected and the other teeth excluded.Availability of radiographs with sufficient clarity and details to evaluate the periapical status and conclude on a PAI score at the beginning of the endodontic treatment, at a minimum 8 months after the endodontic treatment and a minimum of 8 months after the end of the prosthetic treatment.