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Allergic Rhinitis
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterised by inflammatory changes in the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to an inhaled allergen to which an individual has become sensitised (a type I hypersensitivity reaction in the Gell and Coombs classification).
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The nasal cavities open through the choanae into the nasopharynx at the posterior. The nasal mucosa is bound closely to the periosteum and perichondrium of the nasal bones and cartilages, and lines the nasal cavities, except for the vestibule which is lined with skin. The olfactory area lies superior within the cavity and is the organ of smell, with its nerve fibres passing through the cribriform plate to enter the olfactory bulbs, which lie against the inferior surface of the frontal lobe of the brain.
Nasal problems in the athlete
Published in John W. Dickinson, James H. Hull, Complete Guide to Respiratory Care in Athletes, 2020
Rhinosinusitis describes inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. It is characterised by nasal congestion/blockage, nasal discharge, facial pain/pressure and hyposmia/anosmia. Both rhinitis and rhinosinusitis may have significant impacts on daily activities, school/work performance, sleep and overall quality of life. These conditions are commonly encountered in athletes, with certain sports associated with particularly high incidence. They may cause troublesome symptoms and reduce quality of life, just as in the general population, and might also impair performance. Treatment is usually straightforward but requires recognition of the problem. Treatment in athletes should follow well-established, evidence-based guidelines with a few additional considerations.
Association between polymorphisms of the GSDMB gene and allergic rhinitis risk in the Chinese population: a case-control study
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Bilal Haider Shamsi, Haiyuan Chen, Xiong Yang, Mingxia Liu, Yonglin Liu
A total of 2009 subjects (1005 cases and 1004 controls) in this case-control study were from Daliuta, Jinjie, Langanbao, Hejiachuan, and central urban areas in Shenmu City, and there was no genetic relationship among participants. The patients with AR were randomly selected from Shenmu hospital. The diagnosis of AR patients following inclusion criteria (20): 1) Two or more clinical symptoms must appear, including sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal itching, nasal blockage, itchy eyes, tears, and red eyes; 2) Symptoms should last for at least one hour a day; 3) Other symptoms include pale nasal mucosa, edema, and watery nasal discharge; 4) Allergy testing should show positive serum IgE reactivity. All controls passed the physical examination from Shenmu hospital at the same time. Inclusion criteria for the control group were: 1) No any acute or chronic illnesses; 2) No history of allergy conditions or asthma; 3) Normal blood biochemical tests; 4) Allergy testing should show a negative serum-specific IgE activity. Patients with a history of systemic diseases, communicable diseases, or asthma were not allowed to participate.
Ethosome as antigen delivery carrier: optimisation, evaluation and induction of immunological response via nasal route against hepatitis B
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Akash Raghuvanshi, Kamal Shah, Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
The nasal cavity of a sheep was collected shortly after sacrifice from a nearby slaughterhouse and preserve in a saline phosphate buffer pH 6.4. The healthy nasal mucosa membrane was isolated from the nasal cavity, washed, and preserved in the buffer. The experiment was carried out by using a Franz diffusion cell apparatus with a controller. Tissue samples were mounted on Franz diffusion cells with a 2 cm2 effective permeation area. The donor compartment was filled with 2 mL ethosome, whereas the receptor compartment was filled with 12 mL of phosphate buffer pH 6.4. The experiment was carried out at a temperature of 34 °C with a typical stirring speed. Every 1 h, aliquots of 1 mL were removed out from receptor compartment and replaced with fresh buffer until 8 h had passed (Alsarra et al.2009, Gollavilli et al.2020). The sample was processed for HPLC analysis. Further, permeability coefficient was measured by following formula (Gollavilli et al.2020):
Nano-lipidic formulation and therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease via intranasal route
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Shourya Tripathi, Ujala Gupta, Rewati Raman Ujjwal, Awesh K. Yadav
The intranasal route is a non-invasive strategy to rectify the prime obstacle, the BBB, in treating neurological diseases. It is a strategy that not only bypasses the BBB but also avoids the first-pass metabolism of many therapeutic molecules (Qian et al.2018). The transport of molecules from the nose to the brain occurs through the trigeminal and olfactory nerve components in nasal epithelium to the olfactory bulb and brain stem and onwards to different parts of the brain (Muntimadugu et al.2016). An extensive blood supply in the epithelial tissue of the nasal cavity drains blood from nasal mucosa directly to the systemic circulation. An incomplete BBB in the olfactory epithelium allows direct transport of drugs that are taken up by the olfactory nerves (Dwivedi et al.2013). The nasal cavity is separated into the respiratory and olfactory regions. In the former region, bioactive can either reach the systemic circulation or directly reach the brain via the trigeminal nerve pathway whereas, in the latter region, the drug is diffused/transported straight to the brain through the olfactory mucosa pathway (Pires and Santos 2018). This route of drug administration not only allows the transport of drugs with various molecular weights directly to the brain circumventing the BBB but also it enables delivery of small frequent doses that can be self-administered. All these benefits make it a cost-effective and more manageable therapy, hence improving patient compliance and also decreasing the systemic side effects (Eid et al.2019).