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Dry-Eye Disease
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Signs of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) are present in 30–35% of Caucasian individuals (Viso et al., 2009, 2012, 2014; Hashemi et al., 2014) and in 33–50% of Asian individuals (Tian et al., 2009; Han et al., 2011; Siak et al., 2012; Arita et al., 2019), rising to 51.8–60.8% in the over-65 age group (Lin et al., 2003; Han et al., 2011; Siak et al., 2012). In an Iranian population-based study, the prevalence of MGD was 26.3% in an adult population (Hashemi et al., 2017), rising to 71.2% in the over-60s age group (Hashemi et al., 2021). It is recognized, however, that up to two-thirds of the disease may be asymptomatic (Viso et al., 2012) and that age-related lid and gland changes underpin high rates of asymptomatic disease in older adults. A systematic review of interethnic disparities in the natural history of DED suggested that meibomian gland changes were apparent earlier in life in South-East Asian compared with Caucasian eyes (Wang and Craig, 2019). In comparison with studies exploring signs and symptoms of dry eye, several studies have suggested a higher prevalence of MGD in males (up to 2.5×) compared with females (Arita et al., 2019; Hashemi et al., 2021).
The Hairless (hr) and Rhino (hrrh) Mutations, Chromosome 14
Published in John P. Sundberg, Handbook of Mouse Mutations with Skin and Hair Abnormalities, 2020
Meibomian glands are modified sebaceous glands located in the eyelids. Not surprisingly, changes in the glands parallel those observed in sebaceous glands (Figure 10). This has been studied in detail in the rhino mutation, where by 3 months of age the palpebral epidermis was reported to be thickened with hyperkeratinization extending into and including the meibomian gland central duct leading to the loss of acini and atrophy of the gland by 1 year of age. Corneas of rhino mice had a white exudate that contained increased numbers of pre-exfoliative corneal epithelial cells.19
Photophobia and Anterior Uveitis
Published in Amy-lee Shirodkar, Gwyn Samuel Williams, Bushra Thajudeen, Practical Emergency Ophthalmology Handbook, 2019
The eyelids: Are examined for meibomian gland dysfunction and blepharitis, which mainly involves looking for scales at the level of the eyelashes or rows of blocked meibomian glands behind the eyelashes, which can sometimes secrete a toothpaste-like substance when handled.
Association between dry eye disease, self-perceived health status, and self-reported psychological stress burden
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Michael TM Wang, Alex Muntz, James S Wolffsohn, Jennifer P Craig
Participants were assessed at a single site, with a mean ± SD room temperature of 20.3 ± 0.5°C and a mean ± SD relative humidity of 63.5 ± 6.4%. Assessments for all ocular surface parameters were conducted on the right eye of each participant, with the exception of tear osmolarity measurements, which were performed in both eyes. Clinical assessments were conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the TFOS DEWS II Diagnostic Methodology subcommittee.24 To minimise the impact on ocular surface and tear film physiology for subsequent tests, clinical assessments were performed in ascending order of invasiveness,24 as listed in Table 1, with an interval of at least 60 seconds between measurements to minimise the impacts of reflex tearing. The diagnostic criteria for dry eye disease, aqueous tear deficiency, and meibomian gland dysfunction were based on the global consensus recommendations of the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop II and the International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction,24,25 as summarised in Figure 1.
Impact of modulus of elasticity of silicone hydrogel contact lenses on meibomian glands morphology and function
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Asif Iqbal, Rinu Thomas, Rajeswari Mahadevan
The meibomian glands are specialised large sebaceous glands, located in the tarsal plate of eyelids, These glands secrete meibum which constitutes the oily (lipid) layer of the tear film and prevents excessive evaporation of the aqueous layer.1 Morphological and functional changes to these glands can result in meibomian gland dysfunction, which in turn alters lipid layer thickness and tear film stability.1 Meibomian gland dysfunction is one of the most common problems encountered in ophthalmic practice and is the leading cause of evaporative dry eye. It is characterised by a chronic and diffuse abnormality of the meibomian glands.2 Morphological and functional anomalies of meibomian glands are identified as potential markers for contact lens (CL) discomfort due to increase tear evaporation and altered tear lipid production.3
Therapeutic potential of castor oil in managing blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Emma C Sandford, Alex Muntz, Jennifer P Craig
The broad therapeutic potential of castor oil is highlighted by the spectrum of ocular surface conditions under investigation and the severity of disease included in these studies. Conditions range from mild dry eye disease, blepharitis, and contact lens discomfort, to more severe, refractory meibomian gland dysfunction. Administered as a topical eye drop, castor oil has demonstrated beneficial effects on the tear film lipid layer, including increased thickness and altered composition, with a longer residence time than that of a conventional eye drop.71 Topical castor oil use has been associated with improved subjective symptoms, tear lipid layer interferometry grades, tear evaporation, fluorescein and rose Bengal staining scores, tear film break‐up time and meibomian gland orifice obstruction.68–71,104 A recent trial on the periocular application of castor oil as a treatment for blepharitis reported clinical improvements in lid margin quality and eyelash appearance, as well as patient symptoms.103