China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
An accessory medial pterygoid muscle or accessory bundle of the muscle may be present (Koritzer and Suarez 1980; Abe et al. 1997; Sakamoto and Akita 2004). Koritzer and Suarez (1980) report the presence of an accessory medial pterygoid muscle that had a broad origin spanning from the posterior superior margin of the lateral pterygoid plate to the anterior margin of the carotid canal, medial to the foramen spinosum and foramen ovale. The muscle coursed inferiorly and narrowed to an insertion onto the medial surface and/or the superior border of the medial pterygoid muscle about a centimeter below its exit from the pterygoid fossa. A small, independent accessory muscle bundle may be present with attachments below or posterior to the retromolar pad, or into the fascia of the mylohyoid muscle (Abe et al. 1997; Sakamoto and Akita 2004).
Oropharynx
Published in Neeraj Sethi, R. James A. England, Neil de Zoysa, Head, Neck and Thyroid Surgery, 2020
Usually trismus is present due to an inflammation-induced spasm of the medial pterygoid muscle. An asymmetrical soft palate in the acute setting with a septic patient is pathognomonic of a peritonsillar abscess. The ipsilateral tonsil is often not clearly seen due to the soft palate swelling. This differentiates quinsy from a parapharyngeal abscess where the tonsil is medialised.
Anatomy of the Skull Base and Infratemporal Fossa
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
As the greater wing articulates with the squamous temporal bone, just in front of the articular eminence, it forms the medial roof of the infratemporal fossa, a space beneath the skull between the pharynx and the ramus of the mandible. Anteriorly, this infratemporal surface ends in the inferior orbital fissure behind the maxilla, transmitting the maxillary nerve. Laterally, the superior extent of the fossa is the space deep to the zygomatic arch, its lateral extent limited by the ramus of the mandible. The medial pterygoid muscle, together with the interpterygoid fascia, mark the medial border. The posterior boundary is the styloid process, with the carotid sheath behind. It has no anatomical floor, being continuous down into the neck.
Management of Marcus Gunn jaw wink syndrome with tarsofrontalis sling vis a vis levator excision and frontalis sling: a comparative study
Published in Orbit, 2023
Parinita Singh, Kirthi Koka, Md Shahid Alam, Bipasha Mukherjee
In 1883, Robert Marcus Gunn described a unique subtype of congenital ptosis in a 15-year-old girl wherein the eyelid would flutter along with jaw movements.1 The phenomenon was termed Marcus Gunn jaw winking syndrome (MGJWS) and is reported in 2–13% of patients with congenital ptosis.2 It is believed to occur due to an aberrant connection between the third cranial nerve supplying the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) and the fifth cranial nerve supplying the pterygoid muscles. This results in eyelid retraction on stimulation of the lateral or medial pterygoid muscles.1,3 Various triggers can cause jaw winking, namely the contralateral movement of the jaw, the opening of the mouth, or forward protrusion of the mandible which are considered due to lateral pterygoid synkinesis. Eyelid retraction with teeth clenching, swallowing, or jaw opening to the ipsilateral side is implied as medial pterygoid synkinesis.4 Out of the 31 patients reported by Bowyer and Sullivan4 16 patients had lateral pterygoid synkinesis, 8 had medial pterygoid synkinesis and in 7 it could not be ascertained. LPS weakening to abolish the jaw winking phenomenon, combined with or followed by frontalis suspension to correct the ptosis is the accepted treatment for correcting the ptosis associated with MGJWS.3,5 Though this technique is successful in abolishing the MGJWS, the procedure is more complicated and extensive. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of tarsofrontalis sling (TFS) in abolishing MGJWS and comparing the outcome with that of LPS excision plus TFS.
Vesalius criticism on Galen’s musculoskeletal anatomy
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2019
Konstantinos Markatos, Dimitrios Chytas, Georgios Tsakotos, Marianna Karamanou, Maria Piagkou, Elizabeth Johnson
In terms of the structure of muscles, Vesalius also expressed a different opinion from Galen’s. According to the latter, the muscle contained a mixture of ligaments and nerves, which are divided into fibers, creating an extended course with interstices that are covered with flesh [7,8]. In contrast, Vesalius argued that this flesh is the organ of motion and not simply the support of the aforementioned fibers. Moreover, concerning the muscles of mastication, Vesalius described separately temporalis and masseter, which were considered as a single muscle by Galen. Besides, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles were mentioned, as well as the digastric [1,8]. Vesalius also criticized Galen in terms of the description of the lateral flexion of the head, which, according to Galen, could be performed without the participation of the neck muscles [8].
Perineural spread of basosquamous carcinoma to the orbit, cavernous sinus, and infratemporal fossa
Published in Orbit, 2018
Alec L. Amram, William J. Hertzing, Stacy V. Smith, Patricia Chévez-Barrios, Andrew G. Lee
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and orbits with contrast showed a mass in the right infratemporal fossa involving the right temporalis muscle, medial pterygoid muscle, pterygomaxillary fissure, orbital floor, and cavernous sinus with extension through the foramen ovale, into the orbital apex and surrounding the globe (Figure 2(a–b)). Maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) with contrast demonstrated similar findings to the MRI including involvement by tumor in the right premaxillary space, the infratemporal nerve, inferior orbit, masticator space, cavernous sinus, and pterygopalatine fossa (Figure 2(c–d)). The patient underwent CT-guided core needle biopsy of the infiltrating right infratemporal mass that demonstrated both basaloid and keratinizing squamous cell nests diagnostic for invasive BSC (Figure 3). The patient’s tumor was deemed inoperable given its extensive invasion and he was discharged from the hospital; he passed away shortly thereafter.