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Anatomy of the Pharynx and Oesophagus
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Palatine tonsils are characterized by multiple craters on their surface, which are formed by crypts passing deep into the parenchyma of the tonsil. The pitted epithelium of the tonsillar tissue has an intratonsillar cleft within the substance of the tonsil. Histologically unique, the palatine tonsils consist of lymphoid tissue covered by squamous epithelium. Unlike the other components of Waldeyer’s ring, the palatine tonsil is encapsulated. This provides a convenient plane of dissection when performing tonsillectomy. The floor of the tonsillar bed is formed by the superior constrictor, and is separated from the tonsil by a thick condensation of pharyngeal submucosa, the tonsillar capsule, which is, in essence, an extension of the pharyngobasilar fascia. This capsule is further separated from the superior constrictor by a thin film of loose areolar tissue.
Diseases of Tonsils, Tonsillectomy and Tonsillotomy
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
The palatine tonsils are paired structures consisting of lymphoid tissue. They are located in the tonsillar fossa between the anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars formed by palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles respectively. Along with the adenoids, the lingual tonsils, the tubal tonsils and the diffuse aggregates of pharyngeal submucosal lymphoid tissue, they make up Waldeyer’s ring.
Local resection and reconstruction of oral carcinomas and lip cancer
Published in John Dudley Langdon, Mohan Francis Patel, Robert Andrew Ord, Peter Brennan, Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2017
Similar to the other resections described in this chapter, a 1-cm margin is outline. Typically, this will involve the greater palatine foramen. This area is then outlined with the needle-point diathermy. First, the medial aspect is incised to bone. This is followed by the next incision which is adjacent to the alveolus. The anterior margin is then incised to bone. At this time, a periosteal elevator can be used to elevate the tumour off the palatal bone. Hopefully the greater palatine vessels are still intact and then can be clipped with hemo-liga clips or ligated. If this is not the case, then the foramen can be cauterized to control for bleeding. The specimen is then dissected posteriorly to the soft palate. Here is it elevated off the palatal muscles. The specimen is oriented before being sent to the pathologist. The defect can be closed with a buccal fat pad, a healing stent is also a good option, and local flaps may also be used.
Fully human anti-CD39 antibody potently inhibits ATPase activity in cancer cells via uncompetitive allosteric mechanism
Published in mAbs, 2020
Bradley N. Spatola, Alana G. Lerner, Clifford Wong, Tracy dela Cruz, Megan Welch, Wanchi Fung, Maria Kovalenko, Karolina Losenkova, Gennady G. Yegutkin, Courtney Beers, John Corbin, Vanessa B. Soros
For localization of ADPase activities in human tonsils, a modification of the lead nitrate method was employed.43 In brief, palatine tonsils were obtained from adult patients with chronic tonsillitis undergoing routine tonsillectomy. The tonsils were washed with physiological salt solution, embedded in the cryo-mold with Tissue-Tek® O.C.T. compound (Sakura Finetek Europe B.V.), cut using a cryostat and stored at −80°C. Tonsil cryosections were pre-incubated for 45 min in Trizma-maleate sucrose buffer (TMSB; 40 mM Trizma® maleate; 0.25 M sucrose, pH 7.4) supplemented with the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole (2 mM) either in the absence (control) or presence of POM-1 (10 μM) or TTX-030 (0.5 μg/ml). The enzymatic reaction was performed then for 30 min at 37°C in a final volume of 20 ml TMSB containing 1.5 mM Pb(NO3)2, 1 mM CaCl2, 300 μM ADP, and tested CD39 inhibitors. The lead orthophosphate precipitated in the course of nucleotidase activity was visualized as a brown deposit by incubating sections in 0.5% (NH4)2S for 30 seconds followed by three washes in Trizma-maleate buffer for 5 min each. Slides were mounted with Aquatex medium (Merck, Germany). Multiple images of adjacent tissue areas were captured using Pannoramic 250 slide scanner (3DHistech Ltd.), and further stitched to a larger overview using the accompanying Pannoramic Viewer 1.15.4 software. The images of control and treated tissue were captured at identical exposure times and further acquired in parallel using Adobe Photoshop CS6 software.
Can secondary lymphoid organs exert a favorable effect on the mild course of COVID-19 in children?
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Merih Onal, Ozkan Onal, Alparslan Turan
It is known that the immune system of children and adults is functionally and structurally different. Palatine and pharyngeal tonsils are important organs of the immune system, and they protect the body from pathogens invading the upper respiratory tract, especially in young children [8]. Palatine and pharyngeal tonsil tissues are secondary lymphoid organs that prepare a continuous immune response and exhibit immune activity in childhood, which are located at the entry point of the respiratory and digestive system. They make up the first defense mechanism and carry out cellular and humoral immune functions against antigens that enter the body from the respiratory and digestive system mainly up to puberty [9].
Comparison between combined regional nasal block and general anesthesia versus general anesthesia with dexmedetomidine during endoscopic sinus surgery
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2023
Moustafa Atef Moustafa Hamouda, Nahed E. Salama, Samia A. Hassan, Eman M. Aboseif, Rehab A. Abdelrazik
SPGB Group: immediately after induction of general anesthesia, regional nasal block by SPGB, which was done by via a transoral approach using 2 ml of a mixture of lidocaine (2%) and bupivacaine (0.5%) for each side. The ganglion was blocked at the greater palatine foramen. A curved dental needle passes through the greater palatine foramen (GPF) in the posterior portion of the hard palate. This should be just medial to the gum line opposite the third molar tooth to reach the superior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa (Figure 1) [7].