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Mind
Published in Lisa Zammit, Georgeanne Schopp, Relational Care, 2022
Lisa Zammit, Georgeanne Schopp
The orbitofrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex regulate human emotion and social behavior. In other words, large areas of brain are involved in the analysis of data and the emotional response to that process. The Mind is more complex than brain function alone.
Knee Pain
Published in Benjamin Apichai, Chinese Medicine for Lower Body Pain, 2021
The medial collateral ligament is one of four major knee ligaments that help stabilize the knee joint. It is located on the medial side of the knee and connects the medial femoral condyle and the medial tibial condyle. There is a slight knee valgus physiologically. The ligament splits slightly at the knee joint, and some fibers also insert onto the medial meniscus. Its function is to resist valgus force which occurs if the tibia is forced outward in relation to the knee such as during a direct blow to the knee.
Foot and ankle examination
Published in Maneesh Bhatia, Essentials of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 2021
Nikhil Nanavati, Nicholas Eastley, Maneesh Bhatia
Sensation: To perform a complete assessment of sensation, the saphenous nerve (medial border of the foot), deep peroneal nerve (1st web space), superficial peroneal nerve (dorsum of the foot), sural nerve (lateral border of hindfoot) and tibial nerve (plantar aspect of heel and foot) should all be tested (Figure 1.7). Medial plantar nerve is the main sensory nerve of the plantar aspect of the foot. Lateral plantar nerve supplies sensation to plantar surface of 5th toe, plantar lateral half of 4th toe and strip of skin on lateral plantar area of the foot.
Can the RAVLT predict deterioration from MCI to dementia? Data from long term follow up
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2021
Liraz Dawidowicz, Elissa L. Ash, Amos D. Korczyn, Fani Andelman, Sigal Levy, Odelia Elkana
Medial temporal lobe atrophy has been demonstrated in MCI patients, which progresses over the time as cognitive impairment declines to dementia (Bouwman et al., 2007; Mortimer, Likeman & Lewis, 2013; Roberts & Knopman, 2013). The medial temporal regions, mainly the hippocampi, are involved with episodic memory abilities, such as learning, recall, and recognition (Kopelman, Stevens, Foli & Grasby, 1998; Russo et al., 2017). The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is an effective neuropsychological tool which assesses episodic memory (Andersson et al., 2006; Moradi, Hallikainen, Hänninen & Tohka, 2017; Vakil, Greenstein & Blachstein, 2010). Studies have shown that MCI participants scored better on the RAVLT compared to participants with dementia (Åstrand, Rolstad & Wallin, 2010), and that MCI participants who progressed to dementia scored worse on the RAVLT compared to those who remained in the MCI category (Andersson et al., 2008, 2006; Klekociuk, Summers, Vickers & Summers, 2014; Korolev, Symonds & Bozoki, 2016; Metastasio et al., 2006). However, these studies had a relatively short follow-up time (i.e. 1–3 years).
Is tDCS a potential first line treatment for major depression?
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2021
Rachel Woodham, Rachael M. Rimmer, Julian Mutz, Cynthia H. Y. Fu
Widespread functional and structural abnormalities are observed in major depression (Wise et al., 2017). In particular, bilateral reductions in hippocampal volume are one of the most common findings (Cole et al., 2011; Schmaal et al., 2016). Located within the limbic system in the medial temporal lobe, the hippocampus plays a central role in learning and memory. It is a plastic brain structure, in which excitatory amino acids neurotransmitters and NMDA receptors are involved in the damaging effects of stress and trauma on function and structure (McEwen, 1999). Neuroplastic changes in the hippocampus are associated with changes in mood, and hippocampal grey matter volume is state dependent (Arnone et al., 2013). Clinical efficacy of antidepressant medication is proposed to be mediated through neural plasticity (Castrén & Hen, 2013; Fu et al., 2020; Santarelli et al., 2003; Warner-Schmidt & Duman, 2006). Treatment with antidepressant drugs can stimulate neurogenesis in the hippocampus and restore grey matter to a volume similar to that in both healthy participants and patients in remission (Arnone et al., 2013; Warner-Schmidt & Duman, 2006). At the cellular level, animal models show increased postsynaptic spine density and enhanced synaptic plasticity following treatment with fluoxetine (Ampuero et al., 2010). Increases in BDNF serum levels, indicating increased neuroplasticity, are observed following treatment with antidepressant medication which are associated with improvements in depressive symptoms (Brunoni et al., 2008; Duman & Monteggia, 2006).
A screening method to analyse the sensitivity of a lower limb multibody kinematic model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Eric Jacquelin, Denis Brizard, Raphael Dumas
With minimised length variations in the joints, it was expected that the ligament parameters were not the most influential ones. This turns out to be partially true. Indeed, for the six DoFs of the tibiofemoral joint kinematics, the most influential parameters are the position of skin markers (lateral epicondyles, lateral malleoli, fibula head, tibia tuberosity), the segment lengths (foot, shank), and the joint parameters (position of condyles and plateaus, condyle radii, and ligaments lengths). Nevertheless, compared with the model with ligament length constancy (El Habachi et al. 2015), only two ligaments, the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments, are identified as the most influential. Moreover, the high influence of the medial collateral ligament obtained with the screening method (