China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Surgery of the Cervical Spine
Published in Timothy W R Briggs, Jonathan Miles, William Aston, Heledd Havard, Daud TS Chou, Operative Orthopaedics, 2020
This dissection exposes the carotid sheath and the pretracheal fascia (Figure 3.2). The carotid pulse is palpated and the pretracheal fascia incised medial to the carotid sheath using blunt dissection (peanut surgical swab). The carotid sheath enveloping the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve are retracted laterally and the trachea and the oesophagus are retracted medially. The prevertebral fascia and the longus colli muscle are visualised.
Head and Neck
Published in Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott, Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott
MusclesSternocleidomastoid – large muscle bulk lateral and anterior to the carotid sheath, comprising of a sternal head (manubrium of sternum to superior nuchal line of occiput) and a clavicular head (medial one third of clavicle to mastoid process) and innervated by accessory nerve and branches from the anterior rami of C2–C3.Scalene muscles – a group of three paired muscles (anterior scalene, middle scalene, posterior scalene) that originate on the transverse processes of the C2–C7 vertebrae and insert on the first and second ribs, and innervated by the anterior rami of C4–C6.Longus colli muscle – ‘long muscle of the neck’, posterior to the oesophagus, running along the anterior surface of the vertebrae between the atlas and T3 vertebra, and innervated by the anterior rami of C2–C6.
Neck
Published in Swati Goyal, Neuroradiology, 2020
The longus colli muscle lies on the anterior surface of the vertebral column, extending from the C1 to T3 levels. It consists of vertical, superior, and inferior oblique parts; the upper myotendinous junction of the superior oblique part is involved frequently.
Anterolateral approach for subaxial vertebral artery decompression in the treatment of rotational occlusion syndrome: results of a personal series and technical note
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Sabino Luzzi, Cristian Gragnaniello, Alice Giotta Lucifero, Stefano Marasco, Yasmeen Elsawaf, Mattia Del Maestro, Samer K. Elbabaa, Renato Galzio
Platysma is freed from the skin layer, generally for 3 to 4 cm away from the site of the incision, in order to avoid any traction. It is then cut longitudinally, along the course of its fibers. The anterior border of the SMC is identified, with the carotid sheath coursing beneath it and containing the internal carotid artery (ICA), internal jugular vein (IJV) and vagus nerve. A pre-sternocleidomastoid precarotid exposure is carried out (Figure 1(d)). Omohyoid muscle is then isolated at a deeper level, encircled with a vessel loop and medialized (Figure 1(e)). Sternothyroid muscle, esophagus and trachea are left medially. The widening of the avascular plane between the SMC laterally and trachea and esophagus medially allows for easy identification of the pre-vertebral fascia. The fascial opening exposes the vertebral body and the medial border of the longus colli muscles. Moving laterally under microscopic vision leads to the identification of the lateral border of the ipsilateral longus colli. In a further lateral position, longus capitis and anterior scalene muscle are just lateral to the longus colli at C3-C4 and C4-C5, respectively.
Comparison of immediate effects of sling-based manual therapy on specific spine levels in subjects with neck pain and forward head posture: a randomized clinical trial
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2020
In this study, cervicothoracic junction level manual therapy in subjects with FHP better improved the muscle recruitment ability than upper-cervical level manual therapy during motor tasks. This claim can be explained by the decrease of the EMG amplitude of the SCM and AS muscles during craniocervical flexion test and can be interpreted as a result of the relative increase in deep cervical flexion activity. In previous EMG studies involving the neck muscle, there was a strong linear relationship between muscle activity of each stage and deep cervical flexion activity during craniocervical flexion test, and SCM and AS muscles were significantly different at high stage (28 and 30 mmHg) [13,14]. In this study, the activity of the SCM and AS muscles was significantly decreased at 28 and 30 mmHg. This pattern can be interpreted as a result of anatomical action of the longus colli muscle becoming more active as lordosis of the cervical spine is flattened toward the high stage (28 and 30 mmHg) [15]. In the study of Lluch et al. [14] EMG amplitudes of the SCM and AS muscles were decreased in the active exercise group in the upper-cervical area (C0–1). Furthermore, when passive mobilization was applied to the C5–6 level, superficial neck flexor muscle activities such as those of the SCM muscle were also reduced [16]. In this study, passive mobilization and segmental motor control training were applied together. As a result, the upper-cervical group showed a decrease only in SCM muscle activity after intervention. In contrast, the cervicothoracic junction group showed a significant decrease in SCM and AS muscle activity.
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: A two decade experience
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
Robert F. Heary, Anna MacDowall, Nitin Agarwal
Once the prevertebral space has been exposed, a radiographic marker is utilized to confirm the correct level. One method is with the use of a radiopaque bayoneted spinal needle inserted into the disc space. Studies have demonstrated that exposure of a non-operative intervertebral disc can lead to accelerated degeneration of that disc.23,24 As such, localization can also be performed with placement of a radiographic marker into the ventral vertebral body cortex. The longus colli muscles are dissected and elevated from the vertebral bodies on each side of the identified disc space with a maximum lateral extent of dissection of 3 mm to avoid causing a Horner’s syndrome if the sympathetic chain is disrupted. A self-retaining retractor system is then utilized.