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Facial anatomy
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
The levator labii superioris muscle is found on the medial cheek between the zygomaticus muscles and the nose. It is a broad muscle which originates on the inferomedial aspect of the orbital rim and inserts on the top lip and nasal alar. It has two primary functions: One is to flare the nostrils, and the other is to raise the top lip. It is supplied arterially by the facial artery and drained by the facial vein. The nervous stimulation of the levator labii superioris comes from the buccal branches of the facial nerve. See Figure 3.18.
Lips
Published in Ali Pirayesh, Dario Bertossi, Izolda Heydenrych, Aesthetic Facial Anatomy Essentials for Injections, 2020
Ali Pirayesh, Raul Banegas, Per Heden, Khalid Alawadi, Jennifer Gaona, Alwyn Ray D’Souza
Three muscles insert in the upper lip: Levator labii superioris: Originates at the inferior margin of the orbit cranial to the infraorbital foramen and lies deep to orbicularis oris and superficial to levator anguli oris.Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi: Courses superiorly from the upper lip and located more medially to levator labii superioris, with its origin on the frontal process of the maxilla.Zygomaticus minor: Tracks obliquely in cheek region and originates on the zygomatic arch. It has a more anterior origin site and more cranial orientation in the cheek compared to zygomaticus major.
Head and Neck
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The muscles of facial expression are shown in Plates 3.27 and 3.16. The platysma muscle runs from the upper pectoral region to the inferior border of the mandible, skin of the cheek, and angle of the mouth. The orbicularis oculi encircles the palpebral fissure (opening of the eyelid) and has three parts: The orbital part surrounds the orbital margin and is involved in tight closure of the eyelid; the palpebral part is contained in the eyelids and is involved in the blinking of the eyelid; and the lacrimal part that lies deep to the palpebral part, pressing on the lacrimal sac. The levator labii superioris runs from the maxilla to the upper lip and elevates the upper lip. This lip muscle is just lateral to the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi that runs from the upper lip to the superior region of the nose (just lateral to the inferior portion of the procerus). The zygomaticus major runs from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth and, together with the zygomaticus minor, draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly (i.e., in a smile). The orbicularis oris is attached to the maxilla, mandible, skin of the mouth, and angle of the mouth, and functions as the sphincter of the mouth. The depressor anguli oris lies superficial to the depressor labii inferioris (which in turn lies mainly superficial to the mentalis) and runs from the mandible to the angle of the mouth to depress the corner of the mouth (i.e., in a frown).
Prognosis prediction changes based on the timing of electroneurography after facial paralysis
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2022
Ki Jin Kwon, Je Ho Bang, Sang Hoon Kim, Seung Geun Yeo, Jae Yong Byun
Among 368 patients, 366 were administered ENOG for 4–6 d after the onset of paralysis (early ENOG) or 13–15 d after the onset of paralysis (late ENOG). The 275 patients who received late ENOG were divided into two groups for analysis. The ENOG groups were further divided into nasalis/levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (NL) and orbicularis oculi (OO) muscle groups. Each muscle was classified into the following four hierarchies by comparing the VNF ratio between the healthy and the symptomatic sides: VNFs ≥ 30%, 20%≤VNFs <30%, 10%≤VNFs < 20%, and VNFs <10%. Although there is a difference among previous studies, almost all studies showed a good prognosis when the VNFs were >30%; hence, the incidence of incomplete recovery in each section was compared based on the VNFs > 30%.
Perineural injection of botulinum toxin-A in painful peripheral nerve injury – a case series: pain relief, safety, sensory profile and sample size recommendation
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Christine H. Meyer-Frießem, Lynn B. Eitner, Miriam Kaisler, Christoph Maier, Jan Vollert, Andrea Westermann, Peter K. Zahn, Carla A. Avila González
Three patients, two of whom were non-responders, reported temporary weak paresis: two at an upper limb (both injected under ultrasound control) and one at the levator labii superioris muscle following an injection at the trigeminal nerve (injected by the landmarks technique). Two of them could not be clinically validated and therefore remained subjective. One case of paresis was verified clinically by neurological examination; however, it was no longer detectable via electroneurography/myography at eight weeks post-treatment.