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Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James H. Tonsgard, Nikolas Mata-Machado
Excessive numbers of small convolutions with shallow and enlarged sulci are present. Cortical folding is irregular due to packing of the microgyri. Histologically, there are two types: layered, which shows a four-layered cortex with a layer of laminar necrosis, and nonlayered, in which the molecular layer is continuous and does not follow the profile of the convolutions, and the neurons have a radial distribution without a laminar organization. However, more commonly PMG is classified by location/distribution as discussed above.
Using the in vitro Hippocampal Slice as a Model to Teach Methods in Neurophysiology
Published in Avital Schurr, Benjamin M. Rigor, BRAIN SLICES in BASIC and CLINICAL RESEARCH, 2020
We found that the hippocampal slice was an excellent model in which to study field potentials. Its laminar organization made the interpretation of the field potentials and the identification of sources and sinks more straightforward than would have been the case for many other regions of the brain.3 However, the students also gained a sense of the difficulties and ambiguities involved in interpreting field potentials.
Brain Imaging and Mapping with Multi-Contrast Optical Coherence Tomography
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Magnain et al. (2014) utilized OCM in SD to study the laminar structure of the isocortex in ex vivo human brain and compared cortical cytoarchitecture with the Nissl staining. The OCM system bears an axial resolution of 3.5 μm and a lateral resolution of 3 μm with a depth of focus of about 30 μm. The field of view in one scan covers a region of 1.5 × 1.5 mm2. Figure 10.14 shows the block-face image, the Nissl stain, and the OCT images of an isocortex human brain. The OCT and Nissl stain images showed good agreement in cortical laminar organization. The registration of SD-OCT and histology images, respectively, with block-face images indicated that SD-OCT-to-block-face registration was significantly more accurate than the other. The thickness of cortical layers was estimated. Generally, the thicknesses of cortical layers measured by OCT and Nissl stain were generally in good accordance. The mean Pearson’s correlation for the two modalities resulted in 0.84 ± 0.16, with a very small p-value. As opposed to histological processing, which routinely induces distortions and damages to biological slices (red and green arrows in Figure 10.14b), one advantage of using OCM to study the cortical layers is that the optical scan preserves the integrity of the sample, hence facilitating the reconstruction of tissue blocks.
Clinical spectrum, genetic associations and management outcomes of Coats-like exudative retinal vasculopathy in autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2021
Moustafa Magliyah, Abdulaziz A. Alshamrani, Patrik Schatz, Ibrahim Taskintuna, Yahya Alzahrani, Sawsan R. Nowilaty
In conclusion, the spectrum of vascular changes in Coats-like RP varies from isolated peripheral retinal telangiectasia to large retinal VPTs with extensive exudative RD, all of which occur predominantly in the inferotemporal retinal periphery. CME and TRD are not uncommon. Although CRB1 mutations are classically implicated in Coats-like RP, associations with other genes including CNGB1, which we report for the first time, are observed. Currently, ablative therapy of the vascular lesions is the first-line treatment and may be repeated as needed. Early detection, monitoring, and timely management of the Coats-like lesions are important to decrease the risk of additional visual loss in patients with RP. Of note, the genetic associations with Coats-like reaction in RP are heterogenous, and none of the genes are directly involved in any mechanisms regulating vascular structure or function. The genes identified in this study are involved in diverse roles such as laminar organization of the retina (CRB1), neuronal structure and development (TULP1), phototransduction (CNGB1), and ciliary function and structure (RPGR). Thus, the pathogenesis of Coats-like features in RP remains incompletely understood and further study is warranted. The genetic associations with this condition, described by us and others, may determine the direction of such future study.
FOXO regulates cell fate specification of Drosophila ventral olfactory projection neurons
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2019
Jia-Yi Wei, Pei-Chi Chung, Sao-Yu Chu, Hung–Hsiang Yu
One of the central unanswered questions in developmental neurobiology concerns how a vast number of diverse neuronal subtypes are generated in the central nervous system (CNS). One key strategy to generate diverse types of neurons is the specification of neuronal fate according to spatial cues. For example, motor neurons and interneurons are specified along the dorsoventral axis of the spinal cord by a Sonic hedgehog gradient (Jessell, 2000). In addition to spatial patterning, distinct types of neurons in the brain are generated sequentially during development. The laminar organization of the mammalian cerebral cortex provides an excellent example of how layer-specific neurons develop according to temporal birth-order; in this structure, late-born cortical neurons climb and migrate over early-born deep-layer neurons to reach superficial layers (Kandel, Schwartz, & Jessell, 2000; Kohwi & Doe, 2013).
Acute toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on pseudobranchial neurosecretory system, brain regions and locomotory behavior of an air-breathing catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch 1794)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Ajeet Kr. Mishra, Anita Gopesh, K. P. Singh
After 96 h, CPF induced marked changes in the laminar organization of OT of fish brain including slight detachment of stratum marginale (SM) and stratum opticum (SO) layer, mild necrosis, vacuolization, and congestion of mononuclear cells in the area of stratum griseum central (SGC) and stratum album central (SAC) layer and degeneration of granular cells of SPV zone, whereas all the typical six layers (stratum periventricular (SPV), SAC, SGC, stratum fibrosum et grisium superficial (SFGS), SO and SM of OT were found intact and integrated in the control brain (Figure 2(A,B)) whereas in cerebellar part, necrotic neurons were detected in the 96 h CPF exposure group. Necrotic cell stages, including pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis, were observed in neurons (Figure 2(C,D)).