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Growth Assessment
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Julia Driggers, Kanak Verma, Vi Goh
Head circumference serves as a reflection of brain growth. It should be measured around the head parallel to the floor with the tape just above the eyebrows in front and around the most prominent portion of occiput (Table 1.9). Standardized head circumference charts can be used to assess a child’s head circumference compared to the median for age and gender (Appendix A). Head circumference typically increases approximately 1 cm/month during the first year of life, with the most rapid growth during the first 6 months of life. Most head growth is complete by 4 years of age.
Substance Use Disorders
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Fetal/neonatal morphometrics: Cocaine and crack cocaine are associated with decreased birth weight (cocaine: –492 g; 95% CI –562 to –421 g), LBW (cocaine: OR 3.66; 95% CI 2.90–4.63, crack: OR 2.80; 95% CI 2.39–3.27), IUGR, SGA infants (cocaine: OR, 3.23; 95% CI 2.43–4.30, crack: OR 4.00; 95% CI 1.74–9.18), decreased HC (cocaine: –1.21 to –1.72 cm, crack: –1.65 cm; 95% CI –3.12 to –0.19 cm), and decreased length (cocaine: –2.17 to –2.57 cm) [104, 107, 114]. Poor placental perfusion and appetite suppression leading to poor maternal weight gain are hypothesized to cause the observed changes in growth. Head circumference continues to lag during the first 2 years of life among children born with microcephaly.
Simple Linear Regression
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
An example of a situation in which regression analysis might be preferred to correlation is illustrated by the pediatric growth charts in Figures 17.1 and 17.2[278]. Among children of both sexes, head circumference appears to increase linearly between the ages of 4 and 18 years. Rather than quantifying the strength of this association, we might be interested in predicting the change in head circumference that corresponds to a one year increase in age. In this case, head circumference is the response, and age is the explanatory variable. An understanding of their relationship helps parents and pediatricians to monitor growth and detect possible cases of macrocephaly and microcephaly.
Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Spasticity of Cerebral Palsy Related to Congenital Zika Syndrome: An Observational Study
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2022
Giulia Armani-Franceschi, Cleber Luz, Pedro H. Lucena, Danilo d’Afonseca, Henrique Sales, Alessandra L. Carvalho, Isadora C. Siqueira, Karine Silva, Sandra Portuense, Larissa Monteiro, Igor D. Bandeira, Ailton Melo, Rita Lucena
Between August and December 2018, 34 children (18 (53%) female and 16 (47%) male) with spasticity due to cerebral palsy as a secondary condition of CZS were subjected to BoNT-A administration. Sample characteristics are presented in Tables 1 and Tables 2. The age, weight, head circumference at birth and at time of assessment, and growth in head circumference were normally distributed. Age varied from 24 to 38 months (32.06 ± 3.07 months). Mean head circumference at birth was 29.64 cm (± 1.91 cm). Head circumference data at birth was missing in the medical record for two of the 34 participants. Mean head circumference at time of assessment was 41.25 cm (± 3.08 cm). Mean growth in head circumference since birth was 11.6 cm (± 3.12 cm). Participants’ mean weight was 11.70 kg (± 2.18 kg).
A 7-year old female with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, Duane retraction syndrome, and Marcus Gunn phenomenon due to a ZC4H2 gene mutation: a clinical presentation of the Wieacker-Wolff syndrome
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2021
Deena Godfrey, Alcy Torres, Gena Heidary, Hovra Zahoor, Arthur Lee, Gerard Berry, Elizabeth Engle
At 2 months of age, her head circumference was 38 cm (50th percentile6). Ophthalmological examination revealed subnormal vision for age that could not be accounted for by the eye exam findings and was attributed to cortical/cerebral visual impairment. Anterior segment, maculae, and optic nerves appeared normal. Externally, she had mild left-sided ptosis and elevation of the ptotic left eyelid while chewing. The sensorimotor exam revealed severely limited abduction and partially limited adduction of the right eye. These findings were less prominent in the left eye, but also present with limited abduction and trace limited adduction. She had a narrowing of the palpebral fissure with globe retraction on attempted adduction and widening of the palpebral fissure on attempted abduction in the right eye (Figure 1). Vertical gaze was normal. The ophthalmological diagnosis was bilateral DRS, left-sided ptosis, and Marcus Gunn jaw winking. She had multiple joint contractures; her legs were hyperextended, hips were abducted, and knees and ankles/feet had valgus deformities.
Training the trainees: a pilot study of inter-observer discrepancy and learning curve in the maternal foetal unit of a tertiary centre
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Athanasia M. Gkamprana, Athanasia Despotidi, George Maroudias, Vassiliki Michalitsi, Nikolaos Papantoniou, Vasilios Pergialiotis
In our study, we observed that the resident group performed better in terms of estimating the head circumference compared to the estimation of the abdominal circumference as the dispersal of values was closer to the actual measurement performed by the specialists involved in the study. Notably, concerning the OFD, they tended to overestimate the parameter with increasing OFD values. However, the highest discrepancy was noted for the abdominal assessment and this may be due to the depressible abdominal walls, which can be foreshortened by the applied ultrasound probe pressure in inexperienced hands. A significantly higher discrepancy was displayed for FL measurements larger than 60 mm, meaning that the resident group was more accurate in the FL assessment for smaller foetuses. An analogous trend was observed in the distribution of head circumference measurements.