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Lower Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Malynda Williams
Gluteus maximus may be absent as a rare congenital anomaly (Tagliapietra et al. 1989). On the right side of a fetus with craniorachischisis dissected by Alghamdi et al. (2017), gluteus maximus was difficult to separate from gluteus medius. Gluteus maximus may also have extra slips or tendons (Smith et al. 2015). Pirani et al. (1991) describe soft tissue anatomy associated with cases of proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD). In Aitken type D PFFD, the gluteal muscles insert onto the proximal femoral ossicle.
Blocks of Nerves of the Sacral Plexus Supplying the Lower Extremities
Published in Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand, Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand
The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh) is a sensory nerve formed by fibers originating from the ventral rami of S1 to S3 spinal nerves. It issues from the pelvis through the greater sciatic notch and runs deep to the gluteus maximus, within the subgluteal space, accompanied by the inferior gluteal artery, medial or posterior to the sciatic nerve (Figure 2.29). It is enclosed in a fascial canal different from that through which the sciatic nerve runs. It enters the dorsal part of the thigh deep to the fascia lata and runs towards the knee where it gives terminal branches. It supplies the skin covering (1) the lower part of the gluteus maximus (gluteal branches), (2) the medial part of the posterior aspect of the thigh (perineal branches and branches to the back of the thigh), and (3) the popliteal fossa and the upper part of the posterior aspect of the leg (posterior branches of the back of the leg) (Figure 2.30).
A to Z Entries
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The muscles of the pelvis also contribute to moving the hip joint. The hip extensors on the posterior side of the pelvis are the muscles of the buttocks – gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus – which make up the bulk of this region, plus tensor fasciae latae and the six deep lateral rotators of the thigh – piriformis, the internal and external obturators, gemellus superior and inferior, and quadratus femoris. The action of gluteus maximus is to extend and externally rotate the hip. Through its insertion into the iliotibial band of the thigh, gluteus maximus also stabilizes the knee in extension. The posterior part of the gluteus medius also contributes to these hip movements, but its anterior part flexes the hip and internally rotates it. Gluteus medius also abducts the thigh. The smaller gluteus minimus contributes to flexing, internally rotating, and abducting the thigh.
Effects of backrest and seat-pan inclination of tractor seat on biomechanical characteristics of lumbar, abdomen, leg and spine
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Qichao Wang, Yihuan Huo, Zheng Xu, Wenjie Zhang, Yujun Shang, Hongmei Xu
In this study, the muscles with high activities, including gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, Rectus femoris, iliopsoas, vastus lateralis and sartorius, were analyzed, and those muscles with low activities or small muscle tissues were not taken into account. Gluteus maximus has a wide and thick quadrilateral shape, and mainly drives the extension and external rotation of the thigh. Semitendinosus is located at the back of the thigh and helps the extension of the hip joint and bending of the knee joint. Rectus femoris is located in the front of the thigh, whose main function is to extend the knee joint and bend the thigh. Iliopsoas is composed of psoas major muscle and iliacus, which is mainly responsible for the external rotation of the thigh and forward flexion of the pelvis and trunk. The sartorius is flat and banded, and is one of the longest in the leg muscles, starting from the anterior superior iliac spine, passing through the inner side of the knee joint, and finally to the inner side of the upper end of the tibia. The main function of sartorius is for the bending of the hip and knee.
Trunk and lower extremity long-axis rotation exercise improves forward single leg jump landing neuromuscular control
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
John Nyland, Ryan Krupp, Justin Givens, David Caborn
In addition to a primary direct hip joint function, through the thoracodorsal fascia, the gluteus maximus muscle also acts at the trunk through fascial connections with the contralateral trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles to synergistically transfer forces through the spine, pelvis, upper extremities, and LE (Janda, 1983; Vleeming et al., 1995; Willard et al., 2012). Improving our understanding of how complex myofascial junctions between the spine, pelvis, upper extremities, and LE enhance LE neuromuscular control during jump landing is fundamental to therapeutic exercise program development to reduce athletic knee injury risk (Chaudhari, Hearn, and Andriacchi, 2005; Hewett and Myer, 2011). Long axis rotational training likely enhances dynamic LE neuromuscular control through improved trunk, pelvis, and LE region coordination (Fan et al., ; Hewett and Myer, 2011; Powers and Fisher, 2010; Stecco et al., 2008, 2013).
Influence of hip and knee positions on gluteus maximus and hamstrings contributions to hip extension torque production
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Jia Liu, Hsiang-Ling Teng, David M. Selkowitz, Skulpan Asavasopon, Christopher M. Powers
Regarding gluteus maximus torque contribution, it has been reported that 0° of hip flexion places gluteus maximus in a position that maximizes mechanical leverage (Dostal, Soderberg, and Andrews, 1986; Nemeth and Ohlsen, 1985). However, highest torque contribution of gluteus maximus was found to occur at positions in which the hip was flexed to 45°. Interestingly, the average activation of the gluteus maximus in the positions in which the hip was flexed to 45° were the lowest of the 4 conditions tested. However, a post-hoc analysis of the SIMM model output revealed that the greater torque contribution of gluteus maximus at 45° of flexion was the result of improved muscle length-tension characteristics. The more optimum muscle length-tension at 45° of hip flexion overshadowed the fact that the gluteus maximus activation levels and moment arm was reduced in this position compared to 0° of hip flexion.