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Lower Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Malynda Williams
Acknowledging the variable relationships between gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and vastus lateralis and the potential independent insertions of these muscles onto the greater trochanter is important for successful hip operations, particularly when using the transgluteal approach (Heimkes et al. 1992).
Sally’s Story: Opioid Usage Over a Number of Years in a Chronic Pain Patient
Published in Michael S. Margoles, Richard Weiner, Chronic PAIN, 2019
Over the next 4 months, and at 2-week intervals, using the same premedication, additional myofascial trigger point injections were carried out. The specific muscles injected were right and left sternocleidomastoid muscles (both sternal and clavicular parts of the muscle) for her headache problem; right and left trapezius 3, 2, and 1 for upper back and headache pain; right and left iliocostalis thoracis at thoracic levels 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 for tightness and pain in the back and chest; right and left longissimus thoracis at thoracic levels 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, and 11 for tightness and pain in the back; and right scalene anterior, middle scalene, and scalene posterior for pain and numbness in the right upper extremity and also for carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms that she had been having in her right wrist. The right gluteus medius 1, 2, and 3 plus the right gluteus minimus anterior and posterior were injected for weakness in the right hip. The right rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, and both vastus medialis myofascial trigger points were injected for pain and weakness in the right knee. All these injections were completed by 11/14/94. Each series of injections produced positive results.
A to Z Entries
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The muscles of the pelvis also contribute to moving the hip joint. The hip extensors on the posterior side of the pelvis are the muscles of the buttocks – gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus – which make up the bulk of this region, plus tensor fasciae latae and the six deep lateral rotators of the thigh – piriformis, the internal and external obturators, gemellus superior and inferior, and quadratus femoris. The action of gluteus maximus is to extend and externally rotate the hip. Through its insertion into the iliotibial band of the thigh, gluteus maximus also stabilizes the knee in extension. The posterior part of the gluteus medius also contributes to these hip movements, but its anterior part flexes the hip and internally rotates it. Gluteus medius also abducts the thigh. The smaller gluteus minimus contributes to flexing, internally rotating, and abducting the thigh.
Strength and endurance deficits in adults with moderate-to-severe hip osteoarthritis, compared to healthy, older adults
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Louise C. Burgess, Paul Taylor, Thomas W. Wainwright, Ian D. Swain
In the osteoarthritis group, the knee extensors (quadriceps femoris) of the affected leg demonstrated weakness when compared to the control group (22%), although this was not significant (p = 0.07), perhaps due to this variable being underpowered. Similarly, the contralateral leg was 14% weaker during MVIC knee extension when compared to the control group, but also did not reach significance (p = 0.23). The knee flexors (hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius, gastrocnemius, plantaris, and popliteus) of the affected leg were 34% weaker than the control group (p = 0.004), and the contralateral side demonstrated a 31% weakness in MVIC (p = 0.01) (effect sizes 1.20 and 1.07, respectively). The hip abductors (gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae) demonstrated the most substantial weakness when compared to the control group, with a 46% strength deficit in the affected side (p = 0.001, effect size 1.41), whilst the contralateral side was only 18% weaker (p = 0.22, effect size 0.99) (Figure 2).
Muscle metabolic energy costs while modifying propulsive force generation during walking
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Richard E. Pimentel, Noah L. Pieper, William H. Clark, Jason R. Franz
While walking with 40% smaller FP, we were surprised to find an increased metabolic cost of operating muscles spanning the ankle during single support. This increased utilization of ankle extensor muscles during single support may be due to a shift in the relative timing of the anterior ground reaction force, which rose and peaked sooner for this biofeedback condition relative to normal walking (data not reported). At the individual muscle level, we were also surprised to find a reduced metabolic cost of operating the gluteus medius and minimus during push-off when targeting 40% smaller than normal FP. The gluteus medius and minimus are generally considered important during swing for regulating foot placement to preserve lateral stability. However, some authors have recently suggested that push-off intensity and lateral balance are inextricably connected (Kim and Collins 2015; Reimann et al. 2018). Our results are consistent with those conclusions and implicate the gluteus medius (and to a lesser extent, gluteus minimus) in providing hip stability that is proportional to push-off intensity, likely allowing for effective force transmission to the center of mass.
Morphological changes in the lower limbs with the progression of knee osteoarthritis over 6 years in a Toei cohort
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2021
Dung Huu Tran, Hironobu Hoshino, Yukihiro Matsuyama
In female subjects, the ABC angle was greater in group 2 than in group 1. The ABC angle was smaller in female group 3 subjects than in male group 2 subjects. The lower abductor angle of the hip can be explained biomechanically as a more horizontal angle in the abductor muscles [5]. As they promote the internal rotation of the hip joint due to the anterior bundles of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, these bundles originate anterior to the center of rotation of the hip [13]. The excessive internal rotation of the hip promotes an increase in adduction moment in the knee [5]. Moreover, an increase in the ABC angle promotes the abatement of the internal rotation of the hip and reduced adduction moment in the knee. Therefore, changes in the ABC angle affect the kinematics of the knee and might affect the progression of the knee OA in older people.