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Functional Anatomy
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
Bones are designed to provide solid attachment sites for muscles and absorb the stress and strain of movement. If we look at a typical long bone (see Figure 2.1), it has a head at each end, called the proximal and distal epiphysis, which is connected by a long diaphysis. The epiphysis is made up of spongy bone and is coated in hyaline articular cartilage, designed to absorb shock and support the gliding movement of joints.
Introduction and Review of Biological Background
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Table 7 lists the primary types of injuries affecting osseous structures. 10,11,18,52,57,148,155–159 Bone is one of the few human tissues that can respond to an injury by complete regeneration of original structures. Bones are constantly being remodeled at a slow rate and receive 10% of total blood supply from each heartbeat. Bone is a dynamic, interactive, and responsive tissue despite low cell density. Bone is divided into two major types: cortical or compact bone, and cancellous, trabecular, or spongy bone. Epiphyseal (growth plate) bone is unique to growing young people and exhibits a different healing response.
Orthopaedic Emergencies
Published in Anthony FT Brown, Michael D Cadogan, Emergency Medicine, 2020
Anthony FT Brown, Michael D Cadogan
Request an X-ray to show the nature of the fracture: Plastic deformation: most commonly associated with the ulna.Greenstick fracture: occurs when one side of a bone breaks as the opposite side is bent, usually where the force was directly applied.Buckle or ‘torus’ fracture: compressive forces cause one side of the bone to ‘buckle’ under pressure as the opposite side is bent.Complete fracture: involves the entire bone and both cortical surfaces.Epiphyseal fracture: involves the growth plate and is classified using the Salter–Harris system. The radial epiphysis may displace dorsally, often in adolescents, to mimic a Colles’ deformity.
Application of 3D printing navigation system in pediatric epiphyseal complex lesion surgery
Published in Computer Assisted Surgery, 2023
Haoqi Cai, Haiqing Cai, Zhigang Wang
The most significant difference in the skeletal system between children and adults lies in the epiphysis and physeal plate and the epiphyseal complex [1]. Epiphyseal injury is a general term involving damage to the longitudinal growth mechanism of bone, including epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, ring around the epiphyseal plate (Ranvier area), growth-related articular cartilage, and metaphyseal injury. The incidence of epiphyseal injuries in children under 16 years of age ranges from 6% to 30% [2]. Innate metabolic diseases, infections, tumors and fractures may lead to epiphyseal damage [1,3]. According to statistics, about 5 to 10% of children experience growth failure after epiphyseal injury [2]. It mainly involves two aspects: abnormalities in limb length and abnormalities in limb alignment that will seriously affect children’s joint quality and walking function and then affect life quality [4–9]. They will be secondary to abnormalities in the spine, hip joints, and other joints over time [10].
KLF2 reduces dexamethasone-induced injury to growth plate chondrocytes by inhibiting the Runx2-mediated PI3K/AKT and ERK signalling pathways
Published in Autoimmunity, 2023
Yulong Ma, Tao Peng, Xudong Yao, Chaonan Sun, Xiaowei Wang
Epiphyseal injury is a unique bone disease in children [1]. Once this damage, it will affect the growth of children and the normal growth and development of the children’s bones [2]. Epiphyseal plate is a component of cartilage, which is closely related to the proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes [3]. Dexamethasone (Dex) is a kind of glucocorticoid (GCs) with anti-inflammatory, detoxification and anti-allergy effects [4]. Glucocorticoids have immune suppression, anti-shock, antipyretic and detoxification effects, and are widely used in paediatric clinics for asthma, chemotherapy, anti-shock, antipyretic and the treatment of other diseases treatment [5–7]. However, long-term use of Dex can induce growth plate chondrocytes (GPCs) apoptosis, impair differentiation, and inhibit cell proliferation and bone growth [7, 8].
Feasibility of microwave ablation of the vertebral growth plate for spine growth regulation: a preliminary study
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Zhi-Shan Du, Ying-Song Wang, Jing-Ming Xie, Tao Li, Zhi-Yue Shi, Qiu-An Lu, Ying Zhang, Zhi Zhao, Ni Bi, Zhi-Bo Song, Ting-Biao Zhu
The vertebral growth plate is a cartilage layer between the vertebral body and intervertebral disk tissue. It is similar to the long bone epiphysis and plays an important role in the growth and development of the spine [10]. Regulating proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis of chondrocytes in the vertebral growth plate may have a vital effect on spine growth in children and adolescents. These processes regulate spinal growth and may be manipulated to correct scoliosis [11]. Epiphyseal block technology is an orthopedic method that completely or partially blocks the process of osteogenesis by changing the symmetrical area and pressure of the epiphyseal plate; it reverses the original growth asymmetry of bone tissues, using the growth imbalance to correct the deformity [12]. Currently, this technology has been widely used in the treatment of limb inequality and scoliosis, using U-shaped nails and tethers [13,14]. However, traditional epiphyseal block techniques involve open surgery, and an internal fixation device is implanted to regulate the growth potential or mechanical stress of the vertebral growth plate. Thus, the surgical trauma is substantial, especially in children and adolescents. Moreover, the epiphyseal block effect is achieved indirectly by adjusting the mechanical stress. However, the mechanism and ability of mechanical stress to regulate spinal growth have not been clarified, and indirect adjustment of mechanical stress to correct scoliosis is limited as it has only been used in patients with mild scoliosis [15,16].