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Familial Pancreatic Cancer
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
In contrast, malignant tumors affecting the endocrine pancreas constitute 5% of pancreatic malignancies, which are predominated by pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET) or islet cell tumors (e.g., glucagonoma [arising from glucagon-producing α cells], insulinoma [arising from insulin-producing β cells], gastrinoma [arising from gastrin-producing D cells], somatostatinoma, VIPoma, and carcinoid [arising from serotonin-producing cells]).
Endocrine Functions of Brain Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Comprehensive information on the pancreatic hormones that participate in the regulation of feeding can be found in an extensive review [41]. Anatomically, the pancreas is a heterogeneous gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, helping with the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in ingested food that enters the duodenum from the stomach. The endocrine pancreas is composed of islets that are dispersed within the exocrine pancreas. The islets contain four types of cells: (1) A-cells that secrete glucagon, (2) B-cells that secrete insulin and amylin, (3) D-cells that secrete somatostatin, and (4) F-cells that secrete PP. Both insulin and glucagon regulate glucose homeostasis. Insulin is the primary determinant of glucose removal from the blood and its uptake into the cells, and it is also the suppressor of glucose secretion by the liver. Glucagon is a primary stimulant of glucose production and secretion by the liver.
The endocrine system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder. Approximately 800,000 new cases of diabetes are diagnosed each year. The prevalence of diabetes is 8.2% among all men and women in the United States. The frequency of the disease increases to 18.4% in individuals 65 years of age or older. Diabetes is a disease of the endocrine pancreas. Some risk factors for diabetes mellitus are presented in Table 11.4.
Type 1 diabetes: key drug targets and how they could influence future therapeutics
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Yoon Kook Kim, Kashif M. Munir, Stephen N. Davis
Immunomodulation has long been pursued as a potential treatment path for T1DM [12]. Given the disease’s autoimmune nature, the idea is to arrest or prevent further autoimmune-mediated destruction of beta cells in the early stages of the disease, so that one can preserve as much endogenous endocrine pancreas function as possible [13]. One of the big challenges to this effort includes balancing the potential harm of suppressing one’s immune response, and thus much of the effort are focused on specifically targeting the disease inducing autoimmunity without disrupting overall health [14]. Some of the previously studied therapies, such as calcineurin inhibitors, have undesirable side effect profiles that overshadow the T1DM benefit they may have [15,16], although cyclosporin’s nephrotoxic effects have come into question when used in dosages used for treatment of T1DM [17]. Still, efforts to find a drug target that can effectively block the autoimmune destruction of beta cells continue [18].
Molecular mechanism analysis of m6A modification-related lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in regulating autophagy in acute pancreatitis
Published in Islets, 2022
Xiang Li, Hong Qin, Ali Anwar, Xingwen Zhang, Fang Yu, Zheng Tan, Zhanhong Tang
A total of 21 candidate autophagy genes were screened in this project. The gene function enrichment analysis results showed that the above candidate autophagy genes were mainly enriched in PI3K-Akt and FoxO signaling pathways. The study found that abdominal paracentesis drainage attenuates severe AP by enhancing cell apoptosis via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.32 Wortmannin, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway inhibitor, attenuates severe AP in rats.33,34 Besides, FoxO emerges as a key factor for maintaining a functional endocrine pancreas. The FoxO/Bcl6/cyclin D2 pathway regulates cell cycle control in pancreatic beta-cells.35 And a constitutively active form of FoxO3 also induced autophagy, suggesting FoxO3 as a downstream target of the PI3K pathway for autophagy inhibition.36 Based on the above evidence, we believe that PI3K-Akt and FoxO signaling pathways may be the main pathways of the autophagy gene in AP.
A systematic review of disease prevalence, health-related quality of life, and economic outcomes associated with Friedreich’s Ataxia
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Katharina Buesch, Rongrong Zhang
Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic condition that accounts for the majority of inherited ataxia cases1. In FA, the production of the mitochondrial protein frataxin is reduced, which adversely affects iron metabolism and results in the accumulation of iron within certain tissues. Published evidence suggests that toxicity caused by iron accumulation may play a role in the pathophysiology associated with FA, although this has not been definitively established2. Affected areas primarily include the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and the cerebellum. As a result, FA is consistently characterized by progressive gait and limb ataxia, dysarthria, and loss of lower limb reflexes; other clinical features are variable1,3. The myocardium and endocrine pancreas are also frequently affected by the disease process, which can result in the development of cardiomyopathy and diabetes mellitus, respectively3. FA affects those of European, North African, Middle Eastern or Indian origin. Cases are very rarely, if at all, observed in sub-Saharan Africa, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia4,5.