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Quadrilateral Defects in the Tuskulenai and Leon Trotsky Cases: Skeletal Trauma Associated with Soviet Violence in Two Different Contexts
Published in Heather M. Garvin, Natalie R. Langley, Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology, 2019
Cate E. Bird, Rimantas Jankauskas
The maximum dimensions of all quadrilateral sides were between ten and 30 millimeters long. Square defects were the most commonly observed shape (46%), followed by irregular shapes (29%), rectangular shapes (21%), and incomplete (4%) (see Figure 19.4). Differences in defect shape, particularly irregular and rectangular shapes, likely represent varying angles or depths of penetration of the forceful object (although the use of a second tool cannot be ruled out). Additionally, one case of an incomplete quadrilateral defect on the occipital bone was observed in close proximity to a complete square defect to the right (see Figure 19.5). A closer view of the defect revealed that it was likely caused by a pointed object, which slid across the bone surface but did not penetrate the endocranium. Radiating fractures, as well as a wedge of bone lifted outward was present, which likely corresponds to damage associated with removal of the object. This incomplete defect was particularly helpful in elucidating the shape (pointed end) of the object.
Growth of the Cranial Base HHiH
Published in D. Dixon Andrew, A.N. Hoyte David, Ronning Olli, Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth, 2017
Nevertheless, there are three distinct areas of the endocranium in all these animals — an anterior, related to the orbitotemporal fossa; a middle, walled in by the alisphenoid and squamous temporal bones; and an even more distinct posterior fossa, separated from the middle by a tentorial ridge of the petrous bone and related (as in man) to the posterior face of the petrous and to the occipital complex. It is therefore not illogical to investigate similarities — and differences — between these areas and the endocranial fossae of man, related as they are to the orbit, the alisphenoid-petrosquamosal complex and the petro-occipital infratentorial zone.
Head
Published in Harold Ellis, Adrian Kendal Dixon, Bari M. Logan, David J. Bowden, Human Sectional Anatomy, 2017
Harold Ellis, Adrian Kendal Dixon, Bari M. Logan, David J. Bowden
The dura mater, which lines the inner aspect of the skull, comprises an outer, or endosteal, layer, or endocranium (3) (which is, in fact, the periosteum, which lines the inner aspect of the skull) and an inner, or meningeal, layer (4). Most of the intracranial venous sinuses are formed as clefts between these two layers, as demonstrated in this section by the superior sagittal sinus (6). The exceptions to this rule are the inferior sagittal sinus and the straight sinus, which are clefts within the meningeal layer
NeurHistAlert 26
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
Frank W. Stahnisch, Michel C. F. Shamy
This archeology article analyzes the water system to which the Agora Bone Well in the city state of Athens belonged. Osteological remains of infants who died of birth complications, infections, physical neglect, or other causes of neonatal mortality underline the dramatic effects and vulnerability of the first period of human life in the ancient world. Many cases of congenital and traumatic hydrocephalus were identified, as well as infections of the meninges with skeletal involvement of the endocranial skull surface, examined by investigating the interior cranial vault structures. The article confirms existing palaeoneurological literature and neuropathological examinations, while affirming a challenging cultural history of the interaction with early infant death in Attic Greece.
Biomechanical analysis of the clinical characteristics of enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome with Mondini malformation
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Jia-Wei Han, Lin Wang, Hui Zhao, Shi-Ming Yang
The membranous labyrinth in the human body is a closed system, which is filled with endolymph. Endolymph maintain the normal functioning of the hearing and balance organs, so they need to keep homeostasis. To achieve this state, the composition must be stable; moreover, the internal and external pressure of the system must be balanced, too. The maintenance of internal pressure requires normal cell function in the system. As for membrane labyrinth, external pressure comes from perilymph and endolymphatic sacs. Perilymph can buffer pressure changes through the cochlear aqueduct and two windows (round window and oval window). The endolymphatic sac is located next to the endocranium and can feel the pressure changes from cerebrospinal fluid pressure; additionally, the area it contacts with endocranium is much bigger than the diameter of the vestibular aqueduct, consequently, it can even amplify the effect of cerebrospinal fluid pressure through the countercurrent of endolymph. According to Lundquist’s dynamic flow theory [5], the slow flow of endolymph to the endolymphatic sac can help clear macromolecular waste and cell debris. Therefore, the homeostasis of the endolymphatic system needs to ensure the endolymph flow towards the endolymphatic sac and prevent the countercurrent. Valve structures are common in other vascular systems, such as veins and lymphatics. The valve guarantees the direction of fluid flow in the vascular system and prevents the occurrence of countercurrent. If these valves are damaged, a series of pathophysiological changes will occur, which will no doubt lead to diseases. In conclusion, we have reasons to believe that there is the same structure or a functional analogy in the normal human membranous labyrinth.
An innovative hippocratic cranial intervention for amaurosis in classical Greece
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2021
Gregory Tsoucalas, Spyros N. Michaleas, Panagiotis Sideris, Marianna Karamanou
The ancient Greek medico-philosophers believed that increased endocranial pressure could impair vision. However, as physiology was in its early stage, they did not fully understand how the phenomenon of amaurosis occurs. For example, in-text fragments describing the procedure, the instructions do not clarify whether a unilateral or a bilateral procedure was needed. Nevertheless, the Corpus Hippocraticum describes many innovative surgical approaches that were introduced by Hippocrates and his pupils, including procedures to cure blindness. It thus proves to be a valuable contribution to both medicine and surgery.