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The Twentieth Century
Published in Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2019
We now touch on a few high spots in experimental embryology, an important discipline that has developed for the most part during the present century. In the nineteenth century the opportunities in the field of descriptive embryology were so great that few investigators were led to approach the problems of development experimentally. The interest in Darwin’s theory provided a powerful impetus to the study of comparative anatomy, and Haeckel’s law of biogenesis (that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny) induced many ardent supporters to search for evidence in the structural development of the embryo. Yet the mechanics of these changes in form remained unknown.
Skin
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Zbigniew W. Wojcinski, Lydia Andrews-Jones, Daher Ibrahim Aibo, Rie Kikkawa, Robert Dunstan
Many factors have been evaluated in determining the most appropriate animal models for assessment of dermal tolerance, including body size, handling, ethical use of animals, skin morphology, and permeability characteristics. In terms of cutaneous permeability from greatest to least permeable, the order established is rabbit > rat > pig > human. Although the rodent is still used for dermal toxicity testing, the minipig is now considered the animal model of choice for assessing dermal toxicity on the basis of the anatomical and physiological similarities between pig and human skin. The guinea pig is also considered an acceptable animal model for assessing cutaneous effects comparable to the rabbit, but its use is most often limited to evaluation of sensitization (Nixon et al. 1975). A good understanding of comparative anatomy and species- or strain-specific differences or variations is crucial to selecting an appropriate species, strain, and animal model for the concept under study.
T
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Tyson, Edward (1651–1708) English physician and anthropologist from Bristol who was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. He practiced in London and was appointed physician to Bridewell and Bethlehem Hospitals. He considered that comparative anatomy would reveal the underlying structural unity of nature. He studied the anatomy of an orang-utang and suggested that it was intermediate between man and ape and wrote The Anatomy of the Pigmy compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape and a Man (1698) and several other works.
Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus (1776–1827) on Gall’s craniognomic system, zoology, and comparative anatomy
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2020
Eglė Sakalauskaitė-Juodeikienė, Paul Eling, Stanley Finger
In his 1815 Introductio in anatomen comparatam (Introduction to Comparative Anatomy; see Figure 2), one of his most important works, he described plant and animal similarities and differences. He covered appearance, habitation, generation, nutrition, respiration, temperature, irritability, sensation, voluntary movements, locomotion, body structure, and more. As Gall had been doing in his lectures, Bojanus began with lower forms of life and ended with humans, arguing that the human body is “at the highest peak of organization, the most developed and perfect“ (Bojanus 1815, 51). Also as Gall was already doing in his books, he considered the great chain of being, ladder of life, or what he considered evolution, a process—one in which simple structures become more complex (a simpliciore fabrica ad magis compositam et elaboratam ascendat; see Bojanus 1815, 5).
Henry Herbert Donaldson’s (1857–1938) contribution to an organized approach to the experimental study of the mammalian central nervous system
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2018
The first meeting of the advisory board was held on April 11 and 12, 1905. The board, through its committees, made the following recommendations (Greenman, 1906): The principle object of the institute should be research.Research should be in the field of neurology, comparative anatomy, and embryology.Important relationships should be made with the Journal of Anatomy, between the Wistar Institute and American anatomists, and between the Wistar Institute and the Association of American Anatomists.10In 1908, the name of the Association of American Anatomists was changed to its current form, the American Association of Anatomists.An advisory board of ten should be appointed for future general consultation.The institute should hire Donaldson as head of neurology.
What Did They Know Then? A Journey Among the Giants of the Past
Published in Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility, 2018
From 1720 to 1846, the chair of anatomy at the University of Edinburgh was occupied successively by three members of the Monro family, all known as Alexander Munro but identified individually by the suffixes Primus, Secundus, and Tertius. All three were gifted teachers and physicians, but the second member of the dynasty, Monro Secundus, is credited with making the most significant contributions to medicine (Figure 6). He did extensive research into gross and minute anatomy, comparative anatomy, physiology, and pathology. In 1764, he described the foramen connecting the lateral and third ventricles in the brain, labeled from then on as the Foramen of Monro, even though he noted that the structure was well known before his time. He also was one of the first to describe the lymphatic system, whose anatomy and function was not well understood. One of his students was the illustrious Philip Syng Physick (1768–1837), who would later return to the University of Pennsylvania and go on to be one of the foremost American surgeons and ophthalmologists of his time.