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Abnormal Skull
Published in Swati Goyal, Neuroradiology, 2020
Abnormal shape of the head is caused by premature obliteration of some cranial sutures, causing delay in growth and compensatory overgrowth at normal sutures. It can be non-syndromic (due to gene mutation) or syndromic (Apert syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome, or Carpenter syndrome), and may affect a single suture or multiple sutures.
Neurological and neuromuscular disorders
Published in Rachel U Sidwell, Mike A Thomson, Concise Paediatrics, 2020
Rachel U Sidwell, Mike A Thomson
This is premature closure of the cranial suture, with resultant cranial deformities dependent on the suture(s) involved. It can be only one suture, some or all sutures (causing microcephaly). It may be associated with a syndrome (see below).
Paediatric neurosurgical disorders
Published in Brice Antao, S Irish Michael, Anthony Lander, S Rothenberg MD Steven, Succeeding in Paediatric Surgery Examinations, 2017
Craniosynostosis consists of premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, often resulting in an abnormal head shape. It may result from a primary defect of ossification (primary craniosynostosis) or, more commonly, from a failure of brain growth (secondary craniosynostosis). Simple craniosynostosis is a term used when only one suture fuses prematurely. Complex or compound craniosynostosis is used to describe premature fusion of multiple sutures. When children with craniosynostosis (usually complex) also display other body deformities, this is termed syndromic craniosynostosis.
Test-retest validation of a cranial deformity index in unilateral coronal craniosynostosis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Emilie Robertson, Peter Kwan, Gorman Louie, Pierre Boulanger, Daniel Aalto
Craniosynostosis is a relatively common condition affecting around 1 in 2500 live births (Campbell and Derderian 2014; Fearon 2014; Tahiri et al. 2017). It occurs as a result of the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures - the spaces that normally exist between the bones that form an infant skull. The premature fusion of cranial sutures leads to abnormal skull growth. Infants with craniosynostosis are typically diagnosed with the condition in the first few months of life as a result of an abnormal head shape. If left untreated, craniosynostosis can affect normal brain growth and development, cause visual impairment, and have a significant psychosocial impact on the child (Tahiri et al. 2017). Unilateral coronal synostosis (UCS) is a common subtype of craniosynostosis that is especially difficult to treat due to the asymmetrical nature of the deformity (Alford et al. 2018). This subtype affects the frontal bones that comprise the forehead, creating a noticeable deformity that has a significant impact on aesthetic appearance. There are multiple different surgical interventions to correct UCS deformities, with on-going debate over the superior method (Campbell and Derderian 2014; Fearon 2014). Cranial vault remodelling (CVR) is one surgical option to correct craniosynostosis deformities and involves removing portions of an infant’s skull, reshaping the abnormal bones, and fixating them back on using plates and screws.
Medical devices and the pediatric population – a head-to-toe approach
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Joy H. Samuels-Reid, Judith U. Cope
The head is large relative to the body in infants and young children. The skull is thinner and more flexible. This requires different types of considerations for the pediatric population and age-appropriate medical devices. Head circumference is a significant metric in assessing growth and development of the neonate and infant and is measured across the frontal-occipital prominence, the area of greatest diameter. While head circumference is an indicator for growth and development in the pediatric population, it is not in adults. It is tracked on growth charts during pediatric exams from birth through the first few years. Newborns have greater brain weights in proportion to body weight. The anterior and posterior fontanelles close at different times: the anterior fontanelle is the last to close between 1 to 3 years (the median time is about 13.8 months) and the posterior closes 2–3 months after birth. Depressed fontanelles may indicate dehydration, while bulging fontanelles may indicate swelling in the brain [6]. Early closure of fontanelles may lead to microcephaly, misshapen head and delay in closure may signal hydrocephalus. Cranial sutures close at different rates. It is important that use of devices take into consideration the status of cranial sutures and the stage of growth and development of the skull. If sutures close prematurely, they result in craniosynostosis [7]. Devices such as cranial helmets are often used to correct positional head deformity such as plagiocephaly.
Observation on the closure of lambdoid suture in relation to age, sex and population variations using a novel radiographic technique – a prospective study
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2019
Ahmed Alhadi, Rakhi Issrani, Namdeo Prabhu, Mohammed Alhadi
Suture or obliteration of sutures can be attributed to the presence or lack of physical forces acting on the skull [10]. The degree of obliteration of skull sutures is a very important and most commonly studied aspect for age estimation in adult, but its reliability is still inconsistent [8]. However, in most cases, the use of cranial suture closure is still recommended as part of the biological profile when used in conjunction with other skeletal age indicator [7]. The lambdoid suture is the most patent suture among the cranial sutures and because of external forces acting on it, such as the greater number of muscles affecting the lambdoid suture when compared with the sagittal suture [10].