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Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Condylar hyperplasia is due to either overgrowth of the condyle centre on one side before or during puberty, or continued growth after completion of puberty but with cessation of growth on the affected side. Patients present with progressive malocclusion, usually with centreline deviation and associated chin point deviation (hemimandibular hyperplasia). They may also present with bowing of the mandible and downward cant of dental occlusion (hemimandibular hypertrophy).
Experimental Stomatology
Published in Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy, Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy
Disturbances in calcification and ossification in the phosphorus deficient rats were very prominent and pronounced in dentin, alveolar bone, and the mandibular condyle. Formation and calcification of incisal and molar dentin were severely retarded. The zone of predentin was abnormally wide, and the pulp chambers were large and contained numerous isolated calcospherites. Molar alveolar bone consisted of large amounts of osteoid deposited on cores of calcified bone. Osteoid formation was apparently unchecked by resorption causing ankylosis of bone and cementum in several areas. The mandibular condyle cartilage failed to calcify. Invasion of connective tissue cells and capillaries were negligible. Cartilage continued to proliferate without being replaced by bone, and the condylar head consisted almost entirely of osteoid tissue. Failure of the formation of a constricted neck region in the condyle was indicative of a lack of remodeling resorption.
Fundamentals
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
Bones have many different landmarks or features at and around the joints. Bony landmarks can be divided into articulating and non-articulating surfaces. Articulating surfaces are smooth cartilage-covered parts of bone that are part of the joints. Non-articulating surfaces are located at various sites on the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach. A head is an articulating surface that is rounded like a ball. The head of the humerus and the head of the femur are part of ball and socket joints at the shoulder (see shoulder complex – bones) and hip (see hip – bones) respectively. A condyle is a large articulating knob that is part of a compound joint. Examples are the femoral condyles at the knee (see knee – bones). A facet is a flat or shallow articular surface found at a gliding or sliding joint (see joint classification). The facets of the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebrae are good examples (see vertebral structure).
A novel treatment of pediatric bilateral condylar fractures with lateral dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) using transfacial pinning
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2023
Kerry A. Morrison, Roberto L. Flores
The patient was a healthy 3-year-old male, who was an unrestrained passenger in a golf cart accident. Physical examination was notable for panfacial edema with no soft tissue injuries, very limited oral excursion, and an intact facial nerve bilaterally. Computed tomographic (CT) craniomaxillofacial findings revealed a tripartite mandibular fracture, including bilateral condylar fractures with lateral dislocation of the left condyle and a symphyseal fracture (Figure 1). There was a complete right condylar neck fracture with lateral apex angulation as well as medial and inferior dislocation of the right mandibular condyle. The symphyseal fracture was associated with lateral displacement of the mandibular angle, bilaterally. Physical exam included bilateral lateral crossbite, retrognathia and an open bite deformity. The remainder of the patient’s facial architecture was intact, the patient’s cervical spine was cleared both clinically and radiographically, and there were no other physical injuries noted.
Elbow dislocation with lateral condyle and coronoid fractures
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2022
Yousef Fallah, Behnam Baghianimoghadam, Seyed-Aref Daneshi
By a direct lateral incision, the brachialis and brachioradialis muscles are shaved about 3 cm above the lateral condyle from the lateral surface of the humerus. Lateral condyle fracture was reduced and fixed with three full-threaded cortical screws (Figure 2). Considering that the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) was intact and attached to the condylar fragment, we hoped that the joint became stable by fixing the fractured fragment. Then, the surgeon examined the elbow by gravity extension test, but the elbow was unstable in extension more than 50° of flexion. Therefore, the incision extended distally by splitting the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) [2], and the anterior capsule with coronoid was exposed. As the coronoid fracture size was small (type I Regan Morrey), the anterior capsule of the elbow was reattached to the ulna with trans-osseous Ethibond No. 5 thread; hence, the elbow became stable after that.
Immediate reconstruction of segmental mandibular defects via tissue engineering
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Robert O. Weiss, Patrick E. Wong, Likith V. Reddy
Reconstruction was performed based on a tissue engineering protocol. Both patients were taken to the operative room for surgical resection and immediate reconstruction. A combined intraoral and extraoral approach was used to allow access in both cases. For Patient 1, the zygomatic arch was osteotomized to allow for unfettered access to the expansive lesion. Following anterior osteotomy in the parasymphysis region, disarticulation of the condyle easily aided in completing the hemimandibulectomy. A costochondral autograft was obtained from the patient’s right sixth rib to reconstruct the temporomandibular joint aspect. For Patient 2, the resection did not require disarticulation of the joint, and an osteotomy was performed at the anterior parasymphysis region and mid-ramus. A cadaveric rib allograft was secured to the inferior aspect of the reconstruction plate to provide for an inferior stop for bone grafting material. Nerve allografts were secured to the inferior alveolar nerve stumps and a multilayered water-tight closure concluded the procedure.