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Religious Aspects and Medicinal Uses of Salvadora persica (Miswak)
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Several research studies have been carried out to analyse the functions of Salvadora persica in numerous fields of dental science. Salvadora persica consists of a broad range of prospective management properties in numerous conditions of the oral cavity. Apart from its anticancer effects, it plays a remarkable role in preventing and managing different periodontal ailments and is proven by a range of analytical and research studies. Currently, there has been a surge in interest in natural medicines and their products as a substitute for modern medicines, and the disorders of the buccal cavity are no exception. On the other hand, many studies have demonstrated that miswak is equal to or better than a number of antibiotics consumed extensively to manage periodontal diseases. Moreover, several in vivo and in vitro analyses have stated noticeable benefits of utilising miswak to manage periodontal or gingival inflammation.
The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Digestion begins in the mouth. Both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (enzymatic) actions occur in the mouth, also sometimes referred to as the buccal cavity or oral cavity. The tongue serves to move the food into position for chewing, or mastication, by the teeth. Although this prepares the food for swallowing, it is not an integral part of the actual digestive process that begins with secretion of saliva by the salivary glands. The three largest pairs of salivary glands are the parotids (lying below the ears), the submandibular (on the medial side of the mandible), and the sublingual (on the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue). Saliva, which is composed of 99 percent water and 1 percent electrolytes and proteins, has several functions. It not only facilitates swallowing, but it begins the breakdown of carbohydrates with the enzyme ptyalin or amylase.
The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
Operatives in the apparel industry showed a consistently higher relative risk for cancer of female organs than other occupations (Table 6). In addition to cancer of the breast, corpus uteri and cervix uteri, cancer of the buccal cavity had a relative risk of 5.71 (smoking adjusted, seven cases, probability value of 0.001) and lymphoma showed a relative risk of 2.3, although not statistically significant with only seven cases. No other occupational category in this study had a marked trend for cancers of several sites.
In situ composite ion-triggered gellan gum gel incorporating amino methacrylate copolymer microparticles: a therapeutic modality for buccal applicability
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Enas Elmowafy, Marco Cespi, Giulia Bonacucina, Mahmoud E. Soliman
Considering these peculiarities, tailored poly(methacrylates) polymers based DDS have been well-investigated in various routes including the buccal route (Reddy et al. 2011; Morales et al. 2013; Mouftah et al. 2016). In particular, cationic aminomethacrylate copolymers (e.g. eudragit RL100) could allow strong binding with negatively charged glycoproteins of mucus via non-covalent bonds and hence, longer residence time on the buccal mucosal surface (Morales et al. 2013; Garipova et al. 2018). Indeed, the buccal route offers great promises in drug delivery, owing to high vasculature, and high permeability of the buccal mucosa increased patient compliance and convenient application (Reddy et al. 2011; Khames 2019). Compared to the dermal route, the buccal mucosa is 4–4000 times more permeable than the skin (Galey et al. 1976). Thus, accelerated drug absorption and augmented therapeutic effect could be realized; issues of meaningful significance for either systemic effect or localized effect in buccal cavity tissues for the treatment of mouth ulcers and periodontal disease (e.g. gingivitis) (Hassan et al. 2011; Sanghai et al. 2016).
Role of Smoking-Mediated molecular events in the genesis of oral cancers
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Oral cavity (mouth or buccal cavity), forming initial contacts with tobacco smokables, plays an essential role in the digestive system. Smoking is a risk factor for precancerous and cancers ailments of the oral cavity. Nearly 50% of deaths from oral cavity cancer (oral cancer) attribute to smoking (Siegel et al. 2015). Oral cancers have shown alarming prevalence globally, affecting human populations residing in both more developed and less developed countries. Oral cancer is a sub-group of head and neck cancers. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), arising from the abnormal squamous epithelial cells, represent the commonly diagnosed forms of oral cancers (Subramanian and Krishnakumar 2017). Smoking practiced either actively (direct/intentional inhalation of noxious tobacco fumes by smokers while using smokables) or passively (unintentional inhalation of fumes by nonsmokers while accompanying the polluted/contaminated environments), induces enhancement in the oxidative stress levels within oral cavity (localized stress) and blood circulation (systemic stress) (Comhair et al. 2011).
Chitosan as a potential biomaterial for the management of oral mucositis, a common complication of cancer treatment
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Sudhanshu Ranjan Rout, Biswakanth Kar, Deepak Pradhan, Prativa Biswasroy, Jitu Haldar, Tushar Kanti Rajwar, Manoj Kumar Sarangi, Vineet Kumar Rai, Goutam Ghosh, Goutam Rath
With its inherent properties, chitosan can also be employed as artificial saliva. Generally, human saliva is a non-Newtonian fluid that provides moisturizing, lubricating, and anti-microbial activity to the buccal cavity. When the buccal mucosal surface is exposed to radiation therapy, the salivary gland tissue degenerates, resulting in decreased saliva secretion and causing dryness in the oral cavity (Costa et al. 2020; van Leeuwen et al. 2021). To overcome the salivary dysfunction-related symptoms, saliva substitutes which can be directly applied to the epithelial mucosa by helping to stimulate the muscarinic receptors, which further stimulates the saliva secretion rate, preparations are always a better option, along with the characteristics of higher viscosity than water and similar viscosity of natural saliva (Mystkowska et al. 2016; Łysik et al. 2019). However, saliva substitutes based upon mucoadhesive polymer chitosan could be a better alternative due to its better residence time on the oral mucosa and its intrinsic anti-microbial property, which further inhibits the growth of pathogenic agents in the buccal mucosa. To prevent oral cavity dryness, Laffleur and Röttges have synthesized a buccal adhesive semisolid dosage form comprising pilocarpine and novel preactivated chitosan conjugates for patients with dry mouth sensation. The author has covalently linked the unmodified chitosan to sulfhydryl possessing mercaptonicotinic acid (MNA) via the formation of an amide bond. Furthermore, the obtained results involved mucoadhesive property was improved in preactivated chitosan, and pilocarpine showed a controlled drug release in the presence of chitosan–MNA–MNA. The result indicates polymeric stability of preactivated chitosan–MNA–MNA, which makes it an accepted agent for treating dry mouth sensations (Laffleur and Röttges 2019).