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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Tensor veli palatini may be longitudinally divided (Macalister 1875; Patel and Loukas 2016). The portion designated as dilator tubae may vary in its development and connections to the rest of the muscle (Barsoumian et al. 1998). The attachment to the pharyngotympanic tube cartilage varies with age (Suzuki et al. 2003). Tensor veli palatini may have an insertion into the palatine bone (Macalister 1875; Standring 2016). It may also have additional insertions into the maxillary tuberosity, or the submucosal tissue close to the palatoglossal arch (Abe et al. 2004; Patel and Loukas 2016). Muscular fibers may be present in the tendon near its insertion, giving tensor veli palatini a digastric appearance (Macalister 1875). Tensor veli palatini may receive an accessory slip from the medial pterygoid or from the outer margin of the scaphoid fossa (Macalister 1875; Patel and Loukas 2016). It may send a slip to the buccinator muscle (Macalister 1875; Patel and Loukas 2016). Some fibers of tensor veli palatini may be continuous with fibers of tensor tympani (Barsoumian et al. 1998; Standring 2016).
SBA Answers and Explanations
Published in Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury, SBAs for the MRCS Part A, 2018
Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury
The buccinator muscle is regarded as a muscle of facial expression and is therefore a 2nd branchial arch derivative innervated by the facial, or 7th, cranial nerve. This is one of many situations in which a good knowledge of embryology and especially the branchial arches may help to predict the anatomy.
Introduction
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
The orbicularis oris muscle and connective tissue lie between the skin and the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. During chewing, contraction of the buccinator muscles in the cheeks and orbicularis oris muscle in the lips helps keep food between the upper and lower teeth.
International assessment of interobserver reproducibility of flap delineation in head and neck carcinoma
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Arnaud Beddok, Leslie Guzene, Alexandre Coutte, David Thomson, Sue S. Yom, Valentin Calugaru, Eivind Blais, Olivier Gilliot, Séverine Racadot, Yoann Pointreau, June Corry, Kenneth Jensen, Sandro Porceddu, Nazim Khalladi, Vianney Bastit, Audrey Lasne-Cardon, Pierre-Yves Marcy, Florent Carsuzaa, Christophe Nioche, Jean Bourhis, Julia Salleron, Juliette Thariat
The lack of reproducibility for FAMM flap delineation could be due to the complex visualization of the flap on postoperative imaging, including CT [19]. A postoperative MRI could possibly help the radiation oncologist to delineate the FAMM flap, especially the T1 and T2-weighted MR, and the CUBE enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted MR. This was however beyond the scope of the current study. It is important to remember that this flap is usually short, harvested in a plane deep to the facial artery by including the overlying part of the buccinator muscle along its length and part of the orbicularis oris in the area of the oral commissure [20]. The FAMM flap is rotated next to its native mucosal cheek area. It does not add any unusual tissue such as bone, thick muscle, or artificial material in the reconstructed area, which may have made it easier to identify on imaging. Therefore, even more than for other flaps, the operative report is necessary to accurately locate the flap site and its components based on their tissue densities, length and thickness after flap harvesting and reshaping. A standardized operative report should include precise information, already listed in the atlas [11].
Oral mucosa grafting in periorbital reconstruction
Published in Orbit, 2018
The OMG should be dissected off the submucosal fat and minor salivary glands (MSG) covering the inner surface of the buccinator muscle.74,75 Trauma to the buccinator which serves as a muscle of facial expression may lead to wound contracture and restriction of mouth opening.76 Perioral numbness may result from injury to the buccal nerve caused by aggressive posterior dissection during harvesting from the inner cheek. The harvesting surgeon must be constantly aware of the structures within the anatomical buccal space lateral to the buccinator muscle. These include the buccal fat pad; Stensen’s duct of the parotid gland; the facial artery and vein anteriorly; the buccal artery posteriorly; lymphatic vessels; together with buccal branches of the facial and trigeminal nerves. Stensen’s duct arises from the parotid gland, continues forward lateral to the masseter, it then turns medially at the anterior border of the masseter, passes through the buccal fat pad and penetrates the buccinator muscle before terminating at its orifice on the mucosa opposite the maxillary second molar tooth.74,75 Inadvertent trauma to Stensen’s duct may lead to a transient decrease in parotid salivary flow. Damage can be avoided by visually identifying the opening of Stensen’s duct or by squeezing the parotid gland.77,78
Cell culture models of oral mucosal barriers: A review with a focus on applications, culture conditions and barrier properties
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2018
Lisa Bierbaumer, Uwe Yacine Schwarze, Reinhard Gruber, Winfried Neuhaus
The parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands are the three major paired salivary glands. Numerous other minor salivary glands open into the mouth and are scattered throughout the oral cavity. The parotid gland, the largest of the saliva glands, is situated in front of the external ear and is almost entirely serous. The palpable parotid duct runs superficial of the buccinator muscle and through the cheek to drain into the mouth opposite of the second permanent maxillary molar. The submandibular gland is the size of a walnut and irregular in shape but generally spheroid and is located at the posterior and lower part of the mylohyoid muscle and mostly serous. The sublingual gland is the smallest of the three major paired salivary glands; it is flat and shaped like an almond. The location is cranial of the mylohyoid muscle and beneath the mouth floor mucosa. The sublingual gland is seromucous but most cells are mucous.11