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Reading of Chest Radiographs Some basic Anatomy and Physiology; including Pleural Fissures, Mediastinal Lines, The Bronchi and Para-Tracheal Lines, Hilar Anatomy, the Pulmonary Lobules, Acini and Lung Cortex, Distribution of Lung Disease in Relation to Anatomy and Physiology, Basic CT and Pathological Anatomy.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Bronchiolitis (obliterans) - Centrilobular small nodular and branched opacities - due to filling or obliteration of the centrilobular bronchioles or peribronchiolar inflammation; mucous plugs may cause air-trapping with areas of patchy decreased lung opacity (mosaic pattern), lung overexpansion and poor expiration. Minor linear and reticular interstitial abnormalities may also be present. Small areas of ground-glass shadowing may have a centrilobular distribution. Scarring may lead to narrowing of intra-pulmonary vessels and large main pulmonary arteries, fine nodular shadows, bronchiolectasis and bronchiectasis.
The patient with acute respiratory problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The respiratory tract is described as a tree with different generations of branches (see Figure 5.3). The trachea is the trunk, referred to as generation zero. At the carina, the trachea divides into the right and left major bronchi, referred to as first generation branches. These, in turn, branch again, with each successive branch becoming smaller. The walls of the respiratory tree are made of cartilage to prevent collapse, smooth involuntary muscle and an inner lining of mucous membrane. At generation 16, the bronchi become terminal bronchioles and the cartilage disappears. From generation 16 onwards, the diameter of airways is approximately 1 millimetre. The walls of these bronchioles are made of simple ciliated epithelial cells, secretory Clara cells and smooth muscle. Because there are many of these bronchioles, the total resistance to flow is low, but because they are so small in diameter, the lumen can become further narrowed and obstructed by secretions and inflammation. Generations 20 and onwards of the respiratory tree are the even smaller respiratory bronchioles, which finally merge with the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. The respiratory bronchioles, together with the alveolar ducts and sacs, are the site for gaseous exchange.
Diagnostic Imaging in Inhalation Lung Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Caroline Chiles, Laurence W. Hedlund, Charles E. Putman
The pathologic diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans is made when plugs of granulation tissue or organized purulent secretions are found obliterating the lumina of the bronchioles and alveolar ducts. This may be accompanied by emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis that further engulfs vessels and terminal airways. Organizing pneumonia, manifested by variable degrees of interstitial infiltration by mononuclear cells, may also be present (Epler et a]., 1985). Although broncholitis obliterans is frequently idiopathic in origin, it is also associated with identified causes, including exposure to toxic fumes (Seggey et ah, 1983).
Nanocrystals based pulmonary inhalation delivery system: advance and challenge
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Pengfei Yue, Weicheng Zhou, Guiting Huang, Fangfang Lei, Yingchong Chen, Zhilin Ma, Liru Chen, Ming Yang
The lungs are the organs that contact with the exchange of air between the organism and the outside world. They are divided into two main regions: the conducting airway region and the respiratory region. The airway is a continuous branch from the bronchi to the lungs and consists mainly of bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. As the bronchi continue to branch, the diameter of the tubes becomes smaller, the tube wall becomes thinner, and the structure of the tube wall changes gradually. The annular smooth muscles of the bronchi contract or relax under splanchnic nerves innervation and it is responsible for the regulation of airflow passage into the alveoli. This is the site where the lung tissue completes gas exchange consisting of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, lung sacs, and alveoli. The respiratory bronchiole is the transitional pipes between the pulmonary airway and the respiratory site. Each respiratory bronchiole branch is divided into 2–3 alveolar ducts. The alveolar sacs are the common opening of several alveoli and are connected to the alveolar ducts. The gut is the main site for the digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Marc A. Williams, Gunda Reddy, Michael J. Quinn, Amy Millikan Bell
Many of the articles available have focused specifically on the flavoring chemicals that, although regulated for ingestion, are not regulated for inhalational exposures ( Farsalinos et al.2015, Hutzler et al.2014, Behar et al. 2016, Allen et al.2016). Food product flavorings gained alarming public attention in the early 2000s because workers in microwave popcorn production facilities were reported to develop a serious lung condition referred to as bronchiolitis obliterans, following their inhalation exposure to high levels of diacetyl (2,3-butanedione), a highly volatile flavoring that was added to produce a buttery flavor (CDC 2002, Kreiss et al.2002, OSHA 2010, Halldin et al.2013). Bronchiolitis obliterans is a rare, irreversible, and debilitating disease of the lung in which acute inflammation and tissue scarring collectively obstruct the small conducting airways, i.e., the bronchioles. This condition lacks any effective treatment, and lung transplantation remains the only and most effective option (Morgan et al.2008). However, the transplant procedure itself can trigger onset of bronchiolitis obliterans due to an immunological reaction that rejects the transplanted organ, which results in subsequent poor outcomes and low overall survival rates for such transplant recipients (Kelly et al.2012).
Evaluating the protective role of Deglycyrrhizinated licorice root supplement on bleomycin induced pulmonary oxidative damage
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Heba N. Gad El-Hak, Osman E. Mohamed, Zohour I. Nabil
Table 8 showed the scoring of histopathologic examination of the lungs. The lungs of the control groups (Figure 2(A)) and licorice group (Figure 2(B)) showed normal lung histological architecture. The lungs consisted of normal regular spongy histological structure with alveoli, alveolar sacs, thin and thick portions of interalveolar septa, bronchioles, and blood vessels. The lining epithelium of the alveoli was composed of squamous cells (type I pneumocytes) and large cuboidal cells (type II pneumocytes). The alveolar spaces were composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium and separated from other alveoli by thin interalveolar connective tissue septa and numerous capillaries lined with simple squamous endothelial and basal lamina. The bronchioles were different in size and lined with simple columnar ciliated epithelium. The bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle and connective tissue lamina. Masson Trichrome stain of Lung tissue of control and licorice groups showed normal distribution of collagen fibers in the lung parenchyma as fine fibers around the pulmonary blood vessels, and to a lesser extent in the interalveolar septa (Figure 3(A)).