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Fenugreek in Management of Immunological, Infectious, and Malignant Disorders
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Rohini Pujari, Prasad Thakurdesai
Allergy is an immunity-associated disease resulting from sensitization and hypersensitive immune response to harmless substances in the environment called allergens. Asthma is one of the allergic, severe, chronic, progressive, and inflammatory bronchial diseases. Allergic asthma involves the symptoms such as dyspnea (shortness of breath) and wheezing (high-pitched whistling sound), resulting from increased bronchial hyperreactivity to a variety of allergenic and non-allergenic stimuli (Bosnjak et al. 2011). Many patients with chronic allergic conditions, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma seek complementary alternative medicine to attain better control of symptoms due to limitations of existing options (Amaral-Machado et al. 2020; Hussain et al. 2017; Koshak 2019).
Viral-Induced Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Shedding-like loss of epithelial cells and the ensuing restitution processes have produced a range of “pathogenic” effects that are also known to characterize obstructive bronchial diseases. Thus, simple shedding of epithelial cells evoked prompt and sustained plasma exudation (no bleeding!), increased mucosal secretion, and recruitment and activation of eosinophils and neutrophils. These innate inflammatory responses were soon followed by increased proliferation not only of the epithelial lining cells in the area of interest but also of subepithelial cells, including fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Hence, repeated epithelial shedding–restitution processes alone could be sufficient to produce a range of airway effects, which are considered defining inflammatory and remodeling features of obstructive bronchial diseases.19,51 The proposal of shedding–restitution as a multipotent pathogenic process19 preceded the current focus on epithelial cells as major producer of immunoactive defense and pathogenic molecules (discussed later). The concept was based on demanding in vivo approaches69 that have not yet lent themselves to detailed exploration of involved molecular mechanisms. It is revisited here because it underscores the potential importance of viral infection-induced epithelial damage in bronchial airways.
Time-course transcriptomic alterations reflect the pathophysiology of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate-induced lung injury in rats
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2019
Mi-Kyung Song, Dong Im Kim, Kyuhong Lee
It is well known that the PHMG-P exposure induces the pulmonary fibrosis in animal model. In this study, we confirmed fibrotic changes following 10 weeks of PHMG-P exposure through lung-histopathology analysis. GO analysis showed that lung fibrosis was ranked the highest and included nine genes [calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha (CALC)A, chymase (CMA)1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), elastin (ELN), gremlin (GREM)1, heme oxygenase (HMOX)1, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)1, IL6, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)1]. The exposure-time-specific genes induced by PHMG-P were further analyzed using the CTD and IPA to elucidate the implications of altered genes in lung diseases and disorders. Among all disease categories in the CTD, association analysis was performed for only the respiratory tract disease category. Analysis of 34 short-term exposure-specific genes revealed that five genes were involved in six respiratory tract-related diseases (i.e., respiratory tract diseases, respiratory tract infections, lung diseases, bronchial diseases, respiratory hypersensitivity, and bronchial hyper-reactivity) (Table 5).
Pharmacotherapeutic management of bronchial infections in adults: non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Marta Di Pasquale, Stefano Aliberti, Marco Mantero, Andrea Gramegna, Francesco Blasi
This review will regard specifically acure exacerbations and chronic infections in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Other bronchial diseases are present but they will be not be addressed.
Asthma phenotypes and associated comorbidities in a large cohort of adolescents in Israel
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2020
Yossy Machluf, Rivka Farkash, Ron Rotkopf, Daniel Fink, Yoram Chaiter
This study’s major strengths include a large population size (113,671 adolescents), long period of data collection (24 years), a uniform screening process for all subjects based on thorough anamnesis and standardized high-quality medical examinations, and stable diagnostic criteria for asthma and the other medical conditions, throughout the study period. A high-quality asthma diagnosis was made by experts in pulmonology based on physical examination and pulmonary function tests and supported by inquiry about medical history and documentation. Other objective evidence including exhaled NO and methacholine bronchial challenge, was collected in some subjects and we found the great majority were consistent with the reported physician-designated diagnosis and severity (data not shown). Similar rigorous screening procedures were applied for all other comorbidities, regardless of asthma existence and conditions. Noteworthy, diagnosis of medical conditions among all study population – both asthmatic subjects and non-asthmatic ones – is based on the same medical screening process, rather than a subject-driven referral to clinic. Cross-sectional surveys and small cohorts support the relationship of asthma with diverse comorbidities including: upper airway diseases (rhinitis – usually allergic, sinusitis and rhinosinusitis), neurologic disorders (learning disorders – mainly ADHD, migraine and epilepsy) and psychological dysfunction (depression, anxiety, mood and behavioral disorders), GERD and other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases (dyspepsia), laryngeal dysfunction (mainly paradoxical vocal fold movement), pulmonary and bronchial diseases (chronic obstructive lung disease, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, recurrent respiratory infections), atherosclerotic cardiac disease and circulatory disorders, dermatologic conditions (eczema/psoriasis), connective tissue/rheumatic diseases, metabolic disorders and hormonal imbalance, immunologic and hematologic disease, obesity, sleep apnea and chronic pain conditions (24,28–31). Assessing the prevalence of physical and mental health comorbidities in asthmatic subjects has often served to inform clinicians about the close relationships between asthma and these diverse conditions, to help identify asthma early and appropriately control, treat and manage both asthma and the comorbidities and to improve the outcomes and quality of life. The potential for comorbidity clusters to exert combined effects on asthma outcome was recently highlighted (32). Cluster analyses of asthma-related comorbidities have identified diverse profiles and clinical asthma phenotypes in children and adults (9,53,54). Evidence about unique associations between coexisting morbidities and diverse asthma phenotypes is now emerging (36–38), yet without considering the distinction between genders. The significance of gender to asthma development and the differences in asthma-associated comorbidities between genders (and asthma severity groups) have strongly emerged in this study.