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Lower Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Malynda Williams
Bersu et al. (1976) describe a male infant with Hanhart syndrome. The femora of this infant were normally developed, but distal secondary ossification centers were absent. The left leg stump had a patella and a small rudiment of the proximal tibia but no fibular rudiment. The right leg stump was less developed and had a patella, smaller tibial rudiment, and no fibular rudiment. On both sides, the long head of biceps femoris inserted onto the lateral surface of the tibia. The short head of the biceps was absent on the right side. On the left side, it inserted into the posterior surface of the knee capsule and the lateral surface of the tibia, independently of the long head. On the right side, an accessory slip originated from the medial portion of the belly of the long head and inserted posterior to the insertion of the main tendon.
A to Z Entries
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The posterior femoral muscles, also known as the hamstrings, cross the back of both the knee and the hip. Biceps femoris extends the hip and flexes and externally rotates the knee. Semitendinosus also extends the hip and flexes the knee. Additionally, it contributes to internal rotation at the knee. Semimembranosus extends the hip and flexes and internally rotates the knee.
Metabolic Therapies for Muscle Injury
Published in Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth, Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
Ana V. Cintrón, Kenneth Cintron
This is a 53 y/o male, a retired pitcher from Major League Baseball after 16 seasons, who has been recently involved in cross-fit training and injured his right hamstring during a sprinting session. Physical exam revealed tenderness in the proximal musculotendinous junction (MTJ) and a resolving hematoma, classified as a grade two MTJ strain. MRI confirmed an area of hyperintensity at the biceps femoris muscle consistent with a grade two partial tear from its origin into the MTJ (Figure 18.1a,b). Ultrasonography revealed a corresponding transverse image with a hypoechoic area of edema surrounding the MTJ, slight flexion of the knee demonstrating continuity of muscle and ruling out a complete tear.
Using an external focus of attention for gait retraining in runners: A case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Sara Skammer, Justin Halvorson, James Becker
The gait retraining also resulted in significant changes in muscle activity. The peak RMS amplitude for each muscle is shown in Table 3, while onset, offset, and durations of muscle activity are shown in Figure 4. Following gait retraining, the RMS amplitude was higher for all muscles and at all testing speeds (all p < .01), except for the vastus lateralis at the 3 K pace (Table 3). The onset of the biceps femoris occurred earlier in the swing phase at the 5 K (p < .01) and 3 K (p < .01) pace following gait retraining. Similarly, the onset of the gluteus medius occurred earlier prior to heel strike at all three speeds (all p < .01). The gluteus medius was also active for longer following heel strike at the easy testing speed (p < .01). Lastly, at 3K pace, the vastus lateralis remained on longer following heel strike (p < .01).
The Effect of Predictability of the Perturbation Magnitude on Anticipatory and Compensatory Postural Adjustments during a Bimanual Load-Lifting Task
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Tippawan Kaewmanee, Huaqing Liang, Alexander S. Aruin
Bipolar disposable surface electrodes (Red Dot, 3 M, USA) were attached to the skin over the muscle belly of eight trunk and leg muscles bilaterally. These muscles included tibialis anterior (TA, at proximal one third from the fibula to the medial malleolus), medial gastrocnemius (MG, on the most prominent muscular bulge), rectus femoris (RF, midpoint from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the superior part of the patella), long head of the biceps femoris (BF, midpoint from the ischial tuberosity to the lateral epicondyle of the tibia), external oblique (EO, midpoint between the 10th rib and ASIS), gluteus medius (GM, midpoint between iliac crest and the greater trochanter), rectus abdominis (RA, 3 cm lateral to the umbilicus), and lumbar erector spinae (ES, 3 cm lateral to the first lumbar vertebra) (Basmajian, 1980). The ground electrode was positioned on the right lateral malleolus. An accelerometer (Model 333B42, PCB Piezotronics, USA) was attached to the participant’s right wrist to record the initiation of the lifting movement.
Comparison of the Upper and Lower Extremity and Trunk Muscle Masses between Children with Down Syndrome and Children with Typical Development
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2022
Mitsuhiro Masaki, Seina Maruyama, Yukika Inagaki, Yukine Ogawa, Yoshino Sato, Minori Yokota, Moeka Takeuchi, Maki Kasahara, Kota Minakawa, Kana Kato, Kenji Sakaino
For assessment of the upper and lower extremity and trunk muscle masses in the supine or prone positions, longitudinal ultrasound images of the lumbar (iliocostalis lumborum) erector spinae and quadratus lumborum muscles and transverse ultrasound images of the lateral head of the triceps brachii, long head of biceps brachii, lumbar multifidus, rectus abdominis, obliquus externus and internus abdominis, transversus abdominis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, and long and short heads of biceps femoris muscles were taken once bilaterally using an ultrasound imaging device (LOGIQ e V2; GE Healthcare Japan, Tokyo, Japan) with a B-mode and an 8-MHz linear array probe (Figures 2, 3). All measurements in the present study used a dynamic focus depth to the depth of each muscle, a 58-dB gain, 69-Hz dynamic range, and time gain compensation in the neutral position.