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Biology of Joints
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
The stability of the ankle and humeroulnar joints do not depend solely on their shape. Like other “hinge” joints, these articulations are reinforced on both sides by strong collateral ligaments. These dense bands of collagenous tissue are fixed-length stays between adjacent bones that permit free flexion and extension while preventing significant motion in other axes. In other locations, such as the front of the hip, the back of the knee, and the flexor aspects of interphalangeal joints, broad, strong expansions of the articular capsule serve as ligamentous checks to prevent hyperextension.
Formation of the Cranial Base and Craniofacial Joints
Published in D. Dixon Andrew, A.N. Hoyte David, Ronning Olli, Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth, 2017
The condensed cellular zone between the condylar and temporal elements gives rise to the intraarticular disc, the articular capsule, and the synovial linings of the joint cavities. A rudimentary articular disc is recognizable very early in histological specimens, during the 7th week (about 22 mm CRL), as a more deeply stained band of mesenchyme separating the cranial and condylar parts of the joint. Between 10 and 12 weeks the disc becomes collagenous, is already thinner in its central region, and the upper fibers of the lateral pterygoid merge into it. Some have considered that the articular disc, at least the medial part of it, arises as an extension of the tendon of the lateral pterygoid muscle which can be traced through the disc to the malleus (Harpman and Woollard, 1938; Symons, 1952). Others feel that the disc cells are derived from the fibrocellular covering of the condylar part of the original joint blastema or even as a separate entity (Yuodelis, 1966; Keith, 1982). The joint capsule forms on the lateral and medial aspects of the joint between the 9th and 11th weeks, and the synovial apparatus is the last part of the joint to form (Toller, 1961).
The movement systems: skeletal and muscular
Published in Nick Draper, Helen Marshall, Exercise Physiology, 2014
When classified by structure, joints are distinguished by the tissues from which they are made and can be bony, fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial. Bony joints are rigid and completely immovable as two bones fuse together, as in the fusion of the epiphysis with the diaphysis of a long bone upon completion of longitudinal growth. In a fibrous joint the bones are joined by dense fibrous connective tissue and for cartilaginous joints the articulation between bones is made by either hyaline cartilage or a mixture of hyaline and fibrocartilage. Synovial joints are unique in that each articulation is contained within a fibrous capsule, the articular capsule, containing synovial fluid, and the articulating bones have a form of hyaline cartilage covering. It is this unique structure that enables synovial joints to move freely. Bony fusions and nearly all fibrous joints, such as the sutures (seams) found in the skull, are immovable synarthroses. Cartilaginous joints also tend not to allow movement although the pubic symphysis between the two pelvic bones is an example of a cartilaginous amphiarthrosis. Only synovial joints are freely moveable and are therefore examples of diarthroses.
Intra-articular drug delivery systems for osteoarthritis therapy: shifting from sustained release to enhancing penetration into cartilage
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Huirong Huang, Zijian Lou, Shimin Zheng, Jianing Wu, Qing Yao, Ruijie Chen, Longfa Kou, Daosen Chen
The articular capsule is a cystic structure composed of fibrous connective tissue that closes the articular cavity. It is divided into inner and outer layers, whereby the outer layer is collagen fibril dense connective tissue, which is continuous with the periosteum for maintenance of the joint stability. On the other hand, the inner layer, which is also called synovium, is loose and has a smooth surface. It protrudes to the joint cavity to form synovial folds or villi and has lymphatic vessels inside it. There are two types of synovial cells covering the synovial. One is the macrophage-like cell, which contains more lysosomes and has phagocytosis ability and the other is the fibroblast, which contains rougher endoplasmic reticulum and secretes hyaluronic acid as well as mucopolysaccharide, which lubricates the joints.
Therapeutic Effect of Resection, Prosthetic Replacement and Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for the Treatment of Mason Type III Radial Head Fracture
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Hong-Wei Chen, Jia-Liang Tian, Yong-Zhao Zhang
The resection group: the patient was placed in a supine position. After brachial plexus anesthesia, the forearm was pronated with a pneumatic tourniquet. An approximately 5 cm incision was made in the lateral elbow joint from the condylus lateralis humeri along the dermatoglyph directly across the radial head. The a poneurotic fascia was incised along the incision line and separated between the cubitalis posterior and the anconeus. Next, sharp dissection was carried out from the condylus lateralis humeri to the origin of the anconeus. The anconeus and extensor carpi ulnaris were then retracted to the ulnaris and the radialis, respectively. The forearms were fully pronated to move the nervus interosseus dorsalis away from the surgical area, and the articular capsule was opened by longitudinal incision to reveal the radial head, neck, and annular ligament. Hematomas at the fracture site were thoroughly evacuated, and the radial head was exposed via horizontal excision at the margo inferior of the annular ligament for clear access. The radial head was smoothed and repaired, and periost from the stub end was applied to cover the rough surface of the bone stump. Finally, the articular capsule was repaired. During surgery, injuries to the medial collateral ligament or other ligaments could also be repaired.
Feasibility Analysis and Clinical Applicability of a Modified Type V Resection Method for Malignant Bone Tumors of the Proximal Humerus
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2020
Qing Liu, Zhibing Dai, Junshen Wu, Suzhi Ji, Jingping Bai, Renbing Jiang
The humerus was truncated at least 5 cm away from the lesion according to the tumor-free principle; then we cut off the humeral shaft using a swing saw or wire saw. With the shoulder joint capsule exposed, we measured a distance of about 4 mm from the medial margin of the articular capsule to the basal outside lateral margin of the coracoid process. In all cases, the medial margin of the articular capsule was visually observed to be unaffected by the tumor. We performed the modified type V resection, resecting the shoulder joint outside the coracoid process, preserving the coracoid process and the coracoacromial ligament. The scapula glenoid fossa was cut at a distance 4 mm from the outside lateral margin of the coracoid process, 15° counterclockwise from the top to the bottom, and then clockwise from the bottom up, creating a nearly concave resection. We completely removed the shoulder joint (including the long-head tendon of the biceps brachii) and the humeral tumor segment.