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The Importance of Collecting Tissue from Pets (Alive and Deceased)
Published in Rebecca A. Krimins, Learning from Disease in Pets, 2020
BioIVT provides animal tissue from any commercially available animal research model. Custom preparations from tissue types such as brain, kidney, lung, intestine, heart, and skin are readily available. Animal tissues are collected at facilities located in the United States, using BioIVT Standard Operating Procedures.
Living Donors, Non-Human Sources, and Cadaveric Donors
Published in David Lamb, Organ Transplants and Ethics, 2020
Attempts to utilize animal tissue have a long ancestry in medicine, with frequent disastrous results. Shortly after Harvey’s discovery of the mechanism of blood circulation came various attempts at animal-human transfusions. The first authenticated transfusion appeared in the mid-1660s. In 1667 Dr Richard Lower conducted a transfusion of lamb’s blood into the veins of a ‘mildly melancholic man’, with no apparent harm (Lamb and Easton, 1984:49). At the same time, the French philosopher, Jean Baptiste Denys, was conducting similar experiments. He was successful with the first three but the fourth patient died. Following trial on a charge of murder his eventual exoneration was accompanied by a decree limiting further transfusions. Denys’ description of the results of a transfusion of incompatible blood stands as a warning against letting practical skills run ahead of theoretical knowledge.
Medicolegal aspects of death
Published in Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones, Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones
Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another. Such cells, tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants. Advances in xenotransplantation have the potential to resolve the issue of organ shortages. Organs or tissue such as heart valves, corneas, hearts and kidneys have been explored for potential as xenografts. However, such procedures may meet with a degree of concern from the public. Grafting of animal tissue into humans has always seemed tempting and clinical trials have been performed with some success. But there is, for example, considerable difficulty with cross-matching the tissues and considerable concern about the possibility of transfer of animal viruses to an immunocompromised human host. Strains of donor animals, usually pigs, are being bred in clinically clean conditions to prevent viral contamination, but there is still no guarantee of a close or ideal tissue match. There has also been an increasing interest in the development of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models where human tumours are xenotransplanted into immunocompromised mice and such models act as translational tools in preclinical studies of cancer treatments. It is essential that clear protocols are in place for the study of the many aspects of xenotransplantation and for the introduction of such xenografts into the clinical setting. Such protocols must take into account the variable religious and cultural sensitivities which will influence individuals’ perception of such practices.
Mapping mRNA Expression of Glaucoma Genes in the Healthy Mouse Eye
Published in Current Eye Research, 2019
Wouter H.G. Hubens, Esmee M. Breddels, Youssef Walid, Wishal D. Ramdas, Carroll A.B. Webers, Theo G.M.F. Gorgels
In comparison to IHC, RNA-ISH has several advantages and disadvantages. Clearly, the site of mRNA expression does not correspond to the site of the protein, nor does RNA-ISH labeling intensity necessarily reflect the amount of the encoded protein.33 With IHC it may be difficult to identify the site of production of proteins that are secreted, and it is not possible to study expression of nonprotein-coding genes. As some of the POAG-associated SNPs are located in microRNA and noncoding RNA, IHC would not be able to obtain pan-ocular expression of them. Another downside of IHC is the generation of specific antibodies can be tedious design,34 while production of specific probes for RNA-ISH is straightforward and highly comparable for all genes. In addition, while RNA-ISH in the past was difficult due to rapid mRNA decay, procedures have improved.34–36 Judging from the staining of the technical controls (positive and negative) and the biological control (Optn, see below), RNA-ISH provided reliable expression patterns. Of course, in our study we used optimally prepared animal tissue. RNA-ISH on human post-mortem tissue will be more challenging.
Ethical considerations in the use of biopolymer sutures
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2019
Patrick S. Phelan, M. Laurin Council
Of major ethical relevance to the surgical use of biologic materials is the potential obstruction of patient autonomy through the compromise of informed consent, that is, where a patient would refuse acceptance of animal tissue-derived surgical products if otherwise informed of their origin. General objections to the use of such products may be raised on both secular (e.g. veganism) and religious (e.g. Jainism) bases, to include both gut and silk within the realm of biopolymer sutures. Alternatively, objections may be made regarding specific animal sources. As modern gut suture is derived from either ovine or bovine viscera, it is notable that Hindu or Buddhist patients may object to their specific use on religious grounds (1–3). Independent of ideological motivation, objections may be operationalized differently, for example abstaining from personal involvement in the use of animal products generally, or more specifically avoiding bodily incorporation of animal tissue components (which would disallow absorbable gut suture, but not silk). The justification and impact of these concerns has been extensively discussed elsewhere (1–3). Although it is common for exceptions to be made for urgency or medical necessity without alternative, it is prudent for patient preferences to be explored ahead of time when possible.
Biosynthetic alternatives for corneal transplant surgery
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2020
May Griffith, Bijay Kumar Poudel, Kamal Malhotra, Naoufal Akla, Miguel González-Andrades, David Courtman, Victor Hu, Emilio I. Alarcon
In Canada, biosynthetic implants are considered IV medical devices if that are ‘manufactured from or that incorporates human or animal cells or tissues or their derivatives’ or ‘incorporates a product produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology’. Other than that, implants as medical devices, therefore, require establishment of their safety and efficacy as per EMA regulations. As per the EMA and FDA, there are special regulations for the use of devices that incorporate ‘viable or non-viable animal tissue and their derivatives’ due to concern over xenogeneic zoonotic transmission of diseases.