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Classification and diagnosis: ICD-10 and DSM-5 and their application to substance use disorders in young people
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
Cannabis Withdrawal Syndrome has been added in the main section of DSM-5 (ibid.), reflecting increasing evidence that it is a clinically significant condition associated with functional impairment and relapse to cannabis use (Allsop et al., 2012; Hasin et al., 2013). In relation to adolescents, evidence also suggests that cannabis withdrawal is common, is associated with a more clinically severe profile, and is a highly specific indicator of cannabis use disorder (Greene and Kelly, 2014). It is not recognised as a distinct syndrome in ICD-10 (WHO,1992; WHO, 1993), but has been included as a new category in the recently released ICD-11 (WHO 2019).
Pharmacotherapies for PTSD and Substance Use Disorders
Published in Anka A. Vujanovic, Sudie E. Back, Posttraumatic Stress and Substance Use Disorders, 2019
Lorig K. Kachadourian, Kevin P. Jensen, Mehmet Sofuoglu, Ismene Petrakis
Research on the use of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of other SUD is less developed compared to AUD and OUD. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cannabis use disorder (Management of Substance Use Disorders Workgroup, 2015). This is important given current changes in the legalization of marijuana in some states. The increased ease of access to marijuana may result in a greater need for treatment, as rates of use and the possibility for abuse increase. There is also insufficient evidence for the effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for the treatment of stimulant use disorders, despite decades of testing interventions, and includes medications of many different classes, including antidepressants, naltrexone, stimulants, and anticonvulsants (Haile & Kosten, 2013). Additional research in this area is warranted.
Cannabis and mental health
Published in David B Cooper, Practice in Mental Health—Substance Use, 2018
There is increasing evidence about the detrimental effects of cannabis use. Mental health professionals often encounter individuals who run into problems with this drug. It can be challenging to establish whether there is a severe underlying mental disorder in a person abusing cannabis, particularly one who is psychotic. Treatment of psychotic illness–cannabis use disorder presents a significant challenge for professionals.
Cognitive functioning and cannabis use in first-episode psychosis
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2022
Boris Karpov, Maija Lindgren, Tuula Kieseppä, Asko Wegelius, Jaana Suvisaari
Cannabis use is a widespread and continually increasing global phenomenon [1–3]. Overtaken only by alcohol, cannabis is the second-most commonly misused substance worldwide [4,5]. Cannabis use disorder is associated with severe and disabling psychiatric disorders, such as other substance use disorders, affective disorders, anxiety, and personality disorders [6]. Moreover, cannabis use, especially when initiated during adolescence [7], increases the risk of psychotic disorders [8,9]. Cannabis appears to be the most commonly used substance among patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) [10,11], with clear predominance among younger males [12–14]. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that cannabis contributes to the earlier age of onset of FEP [15,16]. Cannabis use frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders, of which anxiety disorders appear to be one of the most common conditions [17]. However, the role of cannabis as a risk factor for affective disorders remains debated [18,19].
Avoidance tendencies toward cannabis stimuli in a college sample
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2022
Skyler Sklenarik, Marc N. Potenza, Robert S. Astur
We administered the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test – Revised (CUDIT-R22) to assess cannabis use frequency and severity. The CUDIT-R consists of eight items, two each from domains of consumption patterns, cannabis problems (abuse), dependence symptoms, and psychological features.22 Participants are asked to respond to each item in relation to their cannabis use over the past 6 months. Validation studies have shown that the CUDIT-R is a valid and reliable measure, with high discriminant and predictive validity to distinguish between different levels of cannabis use and CUD.22 The scale has been shown to have utility as both a screening test and a rating scale for CUD problem severity.22 Potential scores on the CUDIT-R range from 0 to 32, and Adamson et al.22 suggested a score of 13 or higher may be an indicator of probable CUD. In order to specifically assess cannabis use frequency over the past 6 months, we separately examined one of the frequency items on the CUDIT-R, “How often do you use cannabis?” Answer choices included “Never (0),” “Monthly or less (1),” “2–4 times a month (2),” “2–3 times a week,” and “4 or more times a week (4).”
Tolerance for specific negative affective states and coping-oriented cannabis use motives among college student cannabis users
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Sarah A. Hartmann, Alison C. McLeish
Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance among college students, with approximately 25% of students reporting use in the past 30 days and 10% reporting daily use.1 Although the research findings on long-term negative outcomes of recreational cannabis use are not consistent, recent meta-analytic work has found a small, but significant, increase in risk of later anxiety among those who report cannabis use at baseline (OR = 1.28).2 Findings are more consistent for heavy cannabis use, particularly early-onset heavy use, which appears to be particularly problematic.3 Indeed, frequent cannabis use, even by those who do not meet diagnostic criteria for cannabis use disorder, has been associated with a number of deleterious outcomes, including cognitive impairments (e.g. difficulties with attention, inhibition, working memory, executive functioning), poorer academic performance, and subsequent drop out.4–6 Moreover, increased cannabis use is also associated with increased risk for anxiety and depressive disorders as well as lower levels of life satisfaction more generally.7,8 Given these high prevalence rates and subsequent negative outcomes, recent work has turned to understanding what motivates frequent cannabis use.