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Digital-to-Analog Converters
Published in John D. Cressler, H. Alan Mantooth, Extreme Environment Electronics, 2017
Fa Foster Dai, Yuan Yao, Zhenqi Chen
Unmanned lunar missions necessitate the combination of the mobility of a rover on the surface with sensing functions, electronics, and actuators for control of the rover. Therefore, the sensing and control modules on the rover, usually advanced electronics systems, need not only to sense and monitor the performance of the rover to guarantee good operation of the mechanical systems but also to successfully accomplish the tasks in scientific experiments and research [3]. Since remote electronics are in principle distributed over the entire rover, they cannot be efficiently located within conventional protective “warm boxes.” Thus, in order to remove the bulky protective “warm boxes,” newly designed electronic systems must robustly operate in extreme environments on the lunar surface in the ultra-wide temperature (UWT) range from −180°C to +120°C and under radiation exposure environment [4,5].
Introduction
Published in Francis Lyall, Paul B. Larsen, Space Law, 2017
Satellites route email, data and other communications to fixed and mobile instruments, and provide multi-channel TV direct to homes and hotels. Global positioning systems allow us to know exactly where aircraft, ships and motor vehicles are, and help navigation. With pocket devices receiving satellite signals we roam the countryside in relative safety.3 Remote sensing provides many benefits. Weather is monitored and increasingly accurate predictions made. Typhoons, cyclones, tornadoes and hurricanes are known sometimes days in advance. Ocean health and climatic events such as El Niño and its cognate La Niña are observed and better understood. We monitor fisheries, land use, farming, deforestation, vegetation coverage and aridity. Animal and bird migration patterns are being discovered. Potential disasters, volcanic and otherwise, are becoming predictable. Satellite technology both informs and aids our reaction to dire events. Space has also allowed major developments in our understanding of the Universe. The major planets have all been scrutinised (some as yet only briefly). We have been to the Moon. Robotic rovers explore Mars. Space telescopes have shown something of the beauty and complexity of our Universe and given astronomers much to work on. Theories have been developed, tested, modified and sometimes abandoned. Space tourism is imminent. There may be residential space stations and settlement on, first, the Moon, and thereafter…?
Extraterrestrial Drilling and Excavation
Published in Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Kris Zacny, Advances in Extraterrestrial Drilling, 2020
Kris Zacny, Gale Paulsen, Phil Chu, Boleslaw Mellerowicz, Stephen Indyk, Justin Spring, Alex Wang, Grayson Adams, Leslie Alarid, Colin Andrew, Jameil Bailey, Ron Bergman, Dean Bergman, Jocelyn Bergman, Phil Beard, Andrew Bocklund, Natasha Bouey, Ben Bradley, Michael Buchbinder, Kathryn Bywaters, Lee Carlson, Conner Castle, Mark Chapman, Colin Chen, Paul Chow, Evan Cloninger, Patrick Corrigan, Tighe Costa, Paul Creekmore, Kiel Davis, Stella Dearing, Jack Emery, Zak Fitzgerald, Steve Ford, Sam Goldman, Barry Goldstein, Stephen Gorevan, Amelia Grossman, Ashley Hames, Nathan Heidt, Ron Hayes, Matt Heltsley, Jason Herman, Joe Hernandez, Greg Hix, Will Hovik, Robert Huddleston, Kevin Humphrey, Anchal Jain, Nathan Jensen, Marnie Johnson, Helen Jung, Robert Kancans, Cecily Keim, Sarineh Keshish, Michael Killian, Caitlin King, Isabel King, Daniel Kim, Emily Kolenbrander, Sherman Lam, Andrea Lamore, Caleb Lang, Joseph Lee, Carolyn Lee, John Lorbiecki, Kathryn Luczek, Jacob Madden, Jessica Maddin, Tibor Makai, Mike Maksymuk, Zach Mank, Richard Margulieux, Sara Martinez, Yuka Matsuyama, Andrew Maurer, Molly McCormick, Jerry Moreland, Phil Morrison, Erik Mumm, Adoni Netter, Jeff Neumeister, Tim Newbold, Joey Niehay, Phil Ng, Peter Ngo, Huey Nguyen, Tom O’Bannon, Sean O’Brien, Joey Palmowski, Aayush Parekh, Andrew Peekema, Fredrik Rehnmark, Hunter Rideout, Albert Ridilla, Alexandra Rzepiejewska, Dara Sabahi, Yoni Saltzman, Luke Sanasarian, Vishnu Sanigepalli, Emily Seto, Jeff Shasho, Sase Singh, David Smyth, Nancy Sohm, Jesus Sosa, Joey Sparta, Leo Stolov, Marta Stone, Andrew Tallaksen, Miranda Tanouye, Lisa Thomas, Thomas Thomas, Luke Thompson, Mary Tirrell, Nick Traeden, Ethan Tram, Sarah Tye, Crystal Ulloa, Dylan Van-Dyne, Robert Van Ness, Vincent Vendiola, Brian Vogel, Lillian Ware, Bobby Wei, Hunter Williams, Jack Wilson, Brian Yaggi, Bernice Yen, Sean Yoon, Ben Younes, David Yu, Michael Yu, Mike Zasadzien, Raymond Zheng, Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Mircea Badescu, Xiaoqi Bao, Tom Cwik, Jean-Pierre Fleurial, Jeffery Hall, Kevin Hand, Ben Hockman, Samuel M. Howell, Troy Lee Hudson, Shannon Jackson, Hyeong Jae Lee, Michael Malaska, Brandon Metz, Scott Moreland, Avi Okon, Tyler Okamoto, Dario Riccobono, Kris Sherrill, Stewart Sherrit, Miles Smith, Jurgen Mueller, Wayne Zimmerman, Michael Amato, Melissa Trainer, Don Wegel, Andrej Grubisic, Walter F. Smith, Ralph Lorenz, Elizabeth Turtle, Hirotaka Sawada, Hiroki Kato, Yasutaka Satou, Takashi Kubota, Masaki Fujimoto, Pietro Baglioni, Stephen Durrant, Richard Fisackerly, Roland Trautner, Marek Banaszkiewicz, Karol Seweryn, Akihiro Fujiwara, Taro Nakamura, Matthias Grott, Jerzy Grygorczuk, Bartosz Kędziora, Łukasz Wiśniewski, Tomasz Kuciński, Gordon Wasilewski, Seiichi Nagihara, Rohit Bhartia, Hiroyuki Kawamoto, Julius Rix, Robert Mulvaney, Andrea Rusconi, Christian Panza, Marco Peruzzotti, Pablo Sobron, Ryan Timoney, Kevin Worrall, Patrick Harkness, Naohiro Uyama, Hiroshi Kanamori, Shigeru Aoki, Dale Winebrenner, Yasuyuki Yamada, Tilman Spohn, Christian Krause, Torben Wippermann, Roy Lichtenheldt
The EXM Rover is the first if its kind for Europe. The scientific and technology objectives include on one side the environment characterization and the search for past and present life, and on the other the demonstration of key technologies, including locomotion, drilling, sample processing and automated operations. These are necessary steps to prepare the future planetary missions, on Mars and on the Moon. The Rover, working as a mobile scientific laboratory, will have to map the terrain, identify targets of interest, acquire soil samples from the surface and the subsurface and measure their content and characteristics, while moving with autonomous navigation capabilities and maintaining daily communication contacts with relay orbiters and Earth ground control.
Energy-aware trajectory planning for planetary rovers
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2021
From the power aspect, the Mars rovers are either powered by solar array panels (SAP) or radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG). Since Curiosity is a rover with a stable power supply from the RTG, it was commanded to drive with four path-selection mode and two drive motor control strategies without much consideration to the energy management [1]. While Curiosity and Perseverance are equipped with RTG, Sample Fetch Rover is equipped with SAP. Here, solving a design trade-off between the weight of power source (RTG or SAP) relative to the total weight of the rover and the amount of power available from the source, the RTG is favorable for large rovers ( e.g. 45 for 1025 kg Perseverance), while SAP is for small (light weighted) rovers. Furthermore, in light of the fact that future rovers are likely to collaborate with humans, SAP is favorable. The amount of power generated by an SAP is difficult to adjust, and therefore the operation of the rover itself will be limited in order to achieve long-term operation. The solar powered Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) were operated where the rover's local path and schedule are manually planned in order to arrive at a region where plenty of sunshine could be available. The global path was also chosen considering power consumption, while it was planned with the idea of reaching a place with good sunlight conditions, such as sun-facing slopes, before the Martian winter settling in.
Wide-range routing method for lunar exploration rovers using multi-objective optimization
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2021
Reina Nakanishi, Genya Ishigami
Rovers are assumed to have the solar array panels for their power generation that depends on sunlight intensity. The illumination condition changes in one lunar month cycle and is given as the number of shadow points in the exploration area during one lunar month: where is the days for one lunar month which is given as 29 days.
Terrain-aware traverse planning for a Mars sample return rover
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2021
Future missions to the surface of Mars will require rovers to be more autonomous in order to tackle more challenging situations than previous surface missions have faced up to this date. In particular, the proposed Mars Sample Return (MSR) rover will have to potentially drive up to ten kilometers [1] in a partially known environment to reach the samples left by Perseverance, and may have to do so in less than 200 sols (Martian days) [2].