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Climate Change and Life Cycle Assessment
Published in Surjya Narayana Pati, Life Cycle Assessment, 2022
In principle, the energy reaching the Earth’s atmosphere from solar radiation and leaving it again via reflection and infrared radiation is in balance, creating a stable temperature regime in our atmosphere. The sunlight reaching the Earth’s atmosphere, one fraction less than 28 percent, is directly reflected into space by air molecules, clouds, and the surface of the Earth, particularly ocean and icy regions such as the Arctic and Antarctic. This effect is called “albedo.” The remainder is absorbed in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases GHG (21 percent) and the Earth’s surface (50 percent). The latter heats up the planetary surface and is released back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation (black body radiation) with a longer wavelength than the absorbed radiation. This infrared radiation is partially absorbed by GHGs and therefore kept in the atmosphere instead of being released into space, explaining why the temperature of the atmosphere increases with its content of GHGs. LCA studies provide intensity of the impact of GWP and find out alternative methods for the reduction of GWP especially in the cement and construction industries.
Extraterrestrial Drilling and Excavation
Published in Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Kris Zacny, Advances in Extraterrestrial Drilling, 2020
Kris Zacny, Gale Paulsen, Phil Chu, Boleslaw Mellerowicz, Stephen Indyk, Justin Spring, Alex Wang, Grayson Adams, Leslie Alarid, Colin Andrew, Jameil Bailey, Ron Bergman, Dean Bergman, Jocelyn Bergman, Phil Beard, Andrew Bocklund, Natasha Bouey, Ben Bradley, Michael Buchbinder, Kathryn Bywaters, Lee Carlson, Conner Castle, Mark Chapman, Colin Chen, Paul Chow, Evan Cloninger, Patrick Corrigan, Tighe Costa, Paul Creekmore, Kiel Davis, Stella Dearing, Jack Emery, Zak Fitzgerald, Steve Ford, Sam Goldman, Barry Goldstein, Stephen Gorevan, Amelia Grossman, Ashley Hames, Nathan Heidt, Ron Hayes, Matt Heltsley, Jason Herman, Joe Hernandez, Greg Hix, Will Hovik, Robert Huddleston, Kevin Humphrey, Anchal Jain, Nathan Jensen, Marnie Johnson, Helen Jung, Robert Kancans, Cecily Keim, Sarineh Keshish, Michael Killian, Caitlin King, Isabel King, Daniel Kim, Emily Kolenbrander, Sherman Lam, Andrea Lamore, Caleb Lang, Joseph Lee, Carolyn Lee, John Lorbiecki, Kathryn Luczek, Jacob Madden, Jessica Maddin, Tibor Makai, Mike Maksymuk, Zach Mank, Richard Margulieux, Sara Martinez, Yuka Matsuyama, Andrew Maurer, Molly McCormick, Jerry Moreland, Phil Morrison, Erik Mumm, Adoni Netter, Jeff Neumeister, Tim Newbold, Joey Niehay, Phil Ng, Peter Ngo, Huey Nguyen, Tom O’Bannon, Sean O’Brien, Joey Palmowski, Aayush Parekh, Andrew Peekema, Fredrik Rehnmark, Hunter Rideout, Albert Ridilla, Alexandra Rzepiejewska, Dara Sabahi, Yoni Saltzman, Luke Sanasarian, Vishnu Sanigepalli, Emily Seto, Jeff Shasho, Sase Singh, David Smyth, Nancy Sohm, Jesus Sosa, Joey Sparta, Leo Stolov, Marta Stone, Andrew Tallaksen, Miranda Tanouye, Lisa Thomas, Thomas Thomas, Luke Thompson, Mary Tirrell, Nick Traeden, Ethan Tram, Sarah Tye, Crystal Ulloa, Dylan Van-Dyne, Robert Van Ness, Vincent Vendiola, Brian Vogel, Lillian Ware, Bobby Wei, Hunter Williams, Jack Wilson, Brian Yaggi, Bernice Yen, Sean Yoon, Ben Younes, David Yu, Michael Yu, Mike Zasadzien, Raymond Zheng, Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Mircea Badescu, Xiaoqi Bao, Tom Cwik, Jean-Pierre Fleurial, Jeffery Hall, Kevin Hand, Ben Hockman, Samuel M. Howell, Troy Lee Hudson, Shannon Jackson, Hyeong Jae Lee, Michael Malaska, Brandon Metz, Scott Moreland, Avi Okon, Tyler Okamoto, Dario Riccobono, Kris Sherrill, Stewart Sherrit, Miles Smith, Jurgen Mueller, Wayne Zimmerman, Michael Amato, Melissa Trainer, Don Wegel, Andrej Grubisic, Walter F. Smith, Ralph Lorenz, Elizabeth Turtle, Hirotaka Sawada, Hiroki Kato, Yasutaka Satou, Takashi Kubota, Masaki Fujimoto, Pietro Baglioni, Stephen Durrant, Richard Fisackerly, Roland Trautner, Marek Banaszkiewicz, Karol Seweryn, Akihiro Fujiwara, Taro Nakamura, Matthias Grott, Jerzy Grygorczuk, Bartosz Kędziora, Łukasz Wiśniewski, Tomasz Kuciński, Gordon Wasilewski, Seiichi Nagihara, Rohit Bhartia, Hiroyuki Kawamoto, Julius Rix, Robert Mulvaney, Andrea Rusconi, Christian Panza, Marco Peruzzotti, Pablo Sobron, Ryan Timoney, Kevin Worrall, Patrick Harkness, Naohiro Uyama, Hiroshi Kanamori, Shigeru Aoki, Dale Winebrenner, Yasuyuki Yamada, Tilman Spohn, Christian Krause, Torben Wippermann, Roy Lichtenheldt
Figure 1.141 shows the upstream section of FROST: drill coupled to the PlanetVac. PlanetVac by itself is an excavation system and capture system wherein a sample of fines and clasts can be delivered from a surface to a cup with a single puff of gas. Utilization of PlanetVac makes the FROST architecture very robust as samples can be acquired without equipment deployment (or any other actuation) since PlanetVac is mounted on the footpad of a lander, placing it already on the target planetary surface.
The Climate Change Problem and Dynamical Systems: Virtual Biospheres Concept
Published in G. Leitmann, F.E. Udwadia, A.V. Kryazhimskii, Dynamics and Control, 2020
Yuri M. Svirezhev, Werner von Bloh
It is obvious that vegetation dynamics depends on the temperature, precipitation and concentration of carbon in the atmosphere. On the other hand, the temperature dynamics depends on the concentrations of carbon and water vapour in the atmosphere, and the albedo of the planetary surface. For instance, the albedo of a “white sands” desert is equal to 0.4; for a coniferous forest it is about 0.1. Our model includes the following simple submodels: global carbon cycle, global hydrological cycle, vegetation, and an equation for annual global temperature.
An efficient optimisation method based on weighted AND-OR trees for concurrent reconfigurable product design and reconfiguration process planning
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Modelling, analysis and computer tools have also been developed for the design of reconfigurable products. In this area, Siddiqi, de Weck, and Iagnemma (2006) developed a modelling method for the design and analysis of reconfigurable planetary surface vehicles (PSVs) for future manned space exploration missions. These PSVs are aimed at reducing the mission costs through different configurations for different requirements. Non-homogeneous Markov model (NHMM) and control theory were employed for the design and evaluation of the PSVs. Marin et al. (2015) developed a method for analysis of machine configurations based on virtual interactive prototyping considering human-machine interactions. Battaia, Dolgui, and Guschinsky (2017) developed a decision support tool for the design of reconfigurable rotary machining systems to be used for family part production. In this research, the design issue was modelled as a combinatorial optimisation problem. Huang, Wang, and Yan (2020) studied structure design, configuration generation, and configuration evaluation aspects for developing digital twins of reconfigurable machine tools.
Modified method S-, and R-approximations in solving the problems of Mars’s Morphology
Published in Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 2021
T. V. Gudkova, I. E. Stepanova, A. V. Batov, A. V. Shchepetilov
As was stressed in [2], the Radon transform yields exactly the same SLAE (systems of linear algebraic equations) as the local version of S-approximation in which the sought element of the field is represented in the form of the potential of the simple layer (it corresponds to the first term in (9)–(11)). What can we gain from the close linkage between the Radon transform and S-approximation of the elements of anomalous fields and functions describing the planetary surface topography? This interdependence of the different integral transformations allows us to determine, based on the obtained SLAE solutions, the important characteristics of the geological medium under study: we can calculate the ray transform of the observations and reveal the structural pattern of the planetary crust along the directions of interest for us. We can calculate the mean value of the ray transform of the field element at a given point, etc. Hence, it becomes possible to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) medium, i.e. to solve the problem similar to the ones addressed by computer tomography. If we use the combination of the S- and R–approximations the matrix elements will have the following form Here and have the following forms: