China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Impact of Lockdown on Air Quality during COVID-19 Outbreak
Published in Satya Prakash Maurya, Akhilesh Kumar Yadav, Ramesh Singh, Modeling and Simulation of Environmental Systems, 2023
Anant Patel, Neha Keriwala, Prutha Patel, Arohi Singh
Air pollution is the discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere that harms human and environmental health. Nearly nine out of ten people share the same air, with poorer nations suffering from pollution levels above WHO safety requirements (Yadav et al., 2013). Air is necessary for Earth’s survival and development. It has a huge influence on the country’s health and economic prosperity. People are growing more worried about declining air quality due to increased pollution from industrialization, private automobiles, and fossil fuel consumption. As a result, pollutants such sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and PM2.5 are prevalent in the atmosphere (Pandya et al., 2017; Yadav et al., 2019). Air pollution is the presence of toxic compounds in the atmosphere that impair human health, the environment, or materials. Some contaminants are gases, particles, and biological. Air pollution may harm people’s health, plants and animals, and even the built environment.
Water and the Science of Pollution
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
This book addresses compliance with environmental regulations that pertain to water. Water vapor in the atmosphere is a major component that drives climate on Earth and is a component of the water cycle. Water vapor in the atmosphere reacts with various pollutants, and water can also remove contaminants from the atmosphere and return them to Earth. Water also erodes soil from the surface of the Earth, can transport contaminants a significant distance, and eventually returns to the ocean to begin the cycle all over again. Some of the soil that water erodes and transports contains contaminants such as herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers that originate from anthropogenic activities, including agriculture. Another aspect where water acts as a transport mechanism of contaminants is groundwater. Therefore, in addition to addressing surface water, including the oceans, we will discuss water in the atmosphere and also include transport mechanisms in the uppermost portion of the lithosphere. We begin by first examining basic water chemistry and the distribution of water on Earth. We then move to discuss the toxicity of contamination and how contaminants affect humans. We conclude this chapter with discussing the meaning of pollution and how pollution is transported within the water systems on Earth.
Multi-Sensor System and Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies for Air Pollution Monitoring
Published in Bhawana Rudra, Anshul Verma, Shekhar Verma, Bhanu Shrestha, Futuristic Research Trends and Applications of Internet of Things, 2022
Ghizlane Fattah, Jamal Mabrouki, Fouzia Ghrissi, Mourade Azrour, Younes Abrouki
Air pollution can be defined as the presence of pollutants (gaseous or particulate) in the atmosphere that can cause harmful effects on the environment and human health [15]. The sources of this pollution can be either natural (forest fire, volcanic eruption, etc.) or anthropogenic, i.e., linked to human activity [16]. In the latter case, pollution is often the direct result of industrial progress in recent centuries, such as the continuous and sometimes careless emission of pollutants associated with combustion processes (motor vehicles, industrial plants, energy production by industrial installations, energy production by combustion …). For the past few decades, studies have shown a link between the degradation of the environment and human health, and the presence of these pollutants in the atmosphere [17–18]. Thus, air pollution is considered to be responsible for approximately 800,000 premature deaths each year worldwide [19]. Figure 5.1 shows the projected evolution of premature deaths related to excess ozone between 2000 and 2030. In all geographical areas, the situation is already very worrying, with nearly 8 to 15 premature deaths per million inhabitants per year, but forecasts for the next 20 years are very pessimistic, with in particular an increase of a factor of 10 in Asia.
Energy efficiency labelling in carbon dioxide mitigation
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2022
Violeta L. Romero-Carrión, Rosalvina Campos-Pérez, Justo P. Solís-Fonseca, Juan Carlos Altamirano-Romero, Edward Flores
The greenhouse effect occurs when certain gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons, among others, retain a part of the heat energy emitted by the earth (invisible infrared radiation and wave long), after being heated by radiation from the sun (short wavelength and visible light), that is, greenhouse gases maintain high temperatures in the lower atmosphere, allowing less heat to escape into space (Yoro and Daramola 2020). The worrying thing is that greenhouse gas emissions are cumulative, what settles in the atmosphere remains there for hundreds of years (Fletcher and Smith 2020; Lipp 2020; Díaz 2012). Consequently, excess heat produces a rise in temperature, called global warming, and this generates climate change, with serious consequences, such as floods, rising sea levels, droughts in other areas, etc (Climate NASA 2020).
Effect of accelerated carbonation curing on near surface properties of concrete
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2022
Global warming has become one of the biggest problems for a sustainable future ever since the rise of industrial era. The rise in global temperature over the last 50 years cannot be ignored. CO2 is a major greenhouse gas which is responsible for global warming. The greenhouse gases get accumulated in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the earth to get hotter. There are abundant sources of CO2 emission, but burning of fossil fuels and manufacturing industries stand out as biggest contributors to global CO2 emissions. Cement industry is responsible for over 5% of CO2 emissions worldwide (Chen, Habert, Bouzidi, & Jullien, 2010). It has been reported that one ton of cement clinker results in emission of 0.98 tons of equivalent CO2 (Qian, Wang, Fang, & Wang, 2018). It was estimated by Turner and Collins that 1.22 kg CO2 is produced for every kilogram of concrete production (Turner & Collins, 2013).
Determination of port-induced exhaust gas emission amounts and investigation of environmental impact by creating emission maps: Sample of Trabzon port
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2022
S. Kose, D. M. Sekban, M. Ozkok
Air pollution is the presence of foreign aloft matters in the form of solid, liquid and gas in the atmosphere in an amount, intensity and duration that will harm human health, life and natural balance (Brunekreef & Holgate, 2002; Cavallaro et al., 2020; Folinsbee, 1993; Kampa & Castanas, 2008; Schraufnagel et al., 2019). Besides the negative impact of air pollution on nature, it is known that it poses a great danger to human health. A recent global study on diseases has revealed that air pollution is one of the top ten health-related risk factors worldwide (Anderson et al., 2012; Gurjar et al., 2010; Nowak et al., 2018). Each year more than 3.2 million deaths have been attributed to exposure to outdoor particulate matter which can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause a wide range of health problems (Jerrett, 2015). Also, if it is not got under control urgently, between 6 and 9 million people are estimated to die every year by 2060 due to emission-induced air pollution (OECD, 2018). In addition, it is predicted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that outdoor air pollution will be the leading cause of environmental conditions related to deaths worldwide by 2050 (OECD, 2014).