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Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal Systems (BiPVT)
Published in Neha Gupta, Gopal Nath Tiwari, Photovoltaic Thermal Passive House System, 2022
Integration of photovoltaics with façade is an effective approach for a highly urbanized city/state, where there is a limitation of rooftops but there is large surface area of façade of skyscrapers. Integration of SPVT systems with façade of the building has various advantages like the availability of a large vertical area for installation along with the combination of energy production, heat insulation and illumination. Thermal analysis of double-skin façade with BiPV panels was studied by Agathokleous and Kalogirou [12]. The outside air is allowed to enter the system from the bottom and escapes from the top when the BiPV system is integrated with facade. While moving up, the air absorbs the heat of the PV module, thus reducing its temperature. As a result, the solar cell efficiency improves due to reduction in solar cell temperature. In a few applications, to further improve the efficiency of the system, a fan or an air duct is employed. This may be done for both roof- and façade-integrating systems.
Photovoltaic Systems and Applications
Published in Radian Belu, Fundamentals and Source Characteristics of Renewable Energy Systems, 2019
The electrical output of a PV module depends on solar irradiance, solar cell temperature and efficiency of solar cell, as well as the load resistance. For a given PV cell size, the current increases with increasing solar irradiance, being marginally affected (quite small increase) due to temperature rise. However, a higher solar cell temperature decreases the PV cell output voltage, which in turn is decreasing the power output. Load resistance is decided by the operating point of module; the preferred operating is peak power point. Solar cell efficiency is governed mainly by the manufacturing process and the solar cell material, and it varies from about 9%–20%. Therefore, for better performance, the PV module in an array must operate at the peak power point; the array must be installed in an open place (no shading); and the PV module must be kept cool. In order to estimate the PV module efficiency, we need to define the he packing factor is defined as the ratio of total solar cell area to the total module area, expressed as: () Fpckg=Total PV Cell AreaPV Module Area
Introduction
Published in Kwang Leong Choy, Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD), 2019
The schematic diagram of a triple-junction cell structure is shown in Figure 1.24 [52], in which the top cell uses a-Si (80–100 nm thick) of an optical gap of 1.8 eV to capture the blue photos, the middle cell (150–200 nm thick) uses an a-SiGe alloy with a Ge-content of 10%–20%, and optical gap of 1.6 eV to capture the green photons, and the bottom cell (150–200 nm thick) uses a-SiGe alloy with a Ge-content of 40% to reduce the optical gap to 1.4 eV to capture the red photons. The film is deposited at the following conditions: 0.1–1 Torr, 150°C–300°C, power density 10–100 mW/cm2, process gas of SiH4-H2-GiHe4. The solar cell efficiency is about 13%. This type of solar cell was produced commercially.
A computational study to explore the effects of copper doping concentration on phase stability, electronic band structure and optical properties of CsSrF3 fluro-perovskite
Published in Molecular Physics, 2021
Muhammad Rizwan, Waqar Azam, S. S. A. Gillani, I. Zeba, M. Shakil, S. S. Ali, Riaz Ahmad
In the recent era, due to the fascinating structure of perovskites, their electronic and optical properties have attracted the attention of many researchers, thus leading them to perform many qualitative and quantitative investigations in this regard. Perovskites refer to the materials that have a similar crystal structure to CaTiO3 (Calcium titanate). Gustav Rose discovered the first perovskite in 1839, which was calcium titanate. It was named after Lev Perovski who was a Russian mineralogist [1–3]. The generic formula for perovskite materials is . In this formula A, B are both cations having different sizes, where A is bigger than cation B and anion represented by X, such as oxygen, sulphur, fluorine, and chlorine, which forms bonds with cations. Depending upon the nature of X, the perovskite materials are categorised into oxide-based and halide-based perovskites [4–11]. The photovoltaic materials used in solar energy production are materials based on the perovskites making them promising contender for rapid increase in solar cell efficiency [12–14]. Perovskite materials are utilised in the process of water splitting such as sulphide, phosphates, double and triple metal oxides, and nitride compounds which have been verified for splitting of water [15]. Due to the stability of structure, wide band gap range and optical properties, perovskites materials have multiple applications in photonic devices such as super capacitors, LEDs, rechargeable battery, photo detectors, solar cell, lasers, sensors, and oxygen electrochemistry [16–28].
Metal halide perovskite: a game-changer for photovoltaics and solar devices via a tandem design
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2018
Heping Shen, The Duong, Yiliang Wu, Jun Peng, Daniel Jacobs, Nandi Wu, Klaus Weber, Tom White, Kylie Catchpole
An ‘all-perovskite tandem’ design is an attractive solution to advance solar cell efficiency beyond the S–Q limit, while preserving the low-cost advantages of perovskites [30]. The best wide bandgap perovskites to date are based on the lead Br/I mixtures, which have undergone intense investigation especially for fabricating highly efficient perovskite/Si tandem solar cell and achieved relatively satisfactory efficiencies of ~17% with ~1.75 eV bandgap [22,23]. Therefore, fabrication of efficient perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells largely depends on the development of narrow-bandgap perovskites.
Performance Analysis of Solar PV system using Customize wireless data acquisition system and novel cleaning technique
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Vinay Gupta, Madhu Sharma, Rupendra Pachauri, K N Dinesh Babu
Solar cell efficiency depends upon the working temperature of the cell (Katkar, Shinde, and Patil 2011). When compared to the efficiency measured at STC, the solar cell’s efficiency dropped by 69% at 64°C (Kaldellis, Kapsali, and Kavadias 2014; Malik and Sjbh 2003). In external conditions of 1000 W/m2, solar radiation, in the absence of the cooling system, increased to 56°C and led to a 3.13% decrease in the efficiency of the PV module (Rahman, H Asanuz Zaman, and Rahim 2015). As the solar photovoltaic panel’s temperature increases, power output and output voltage decrease. As the PV module’s temperature increases, the energy gap in the silicon film in the PV module solar cell will be reduced. Thus, the dark saturation current increases (W et al. 2016). The dust buildup on the surface of the PV module, which causes enormous energy losses in long-term use, is one of the main factors degrading the generation of the PV modules. Dust accumulation damages the panel layer for a long time and reduces output and the lifespan of the product [04]. According to study, a severe hailstorm can damage the front glass’s surface and cause the solar cell to break (Gupta, Sharma, and K et al. 2019). The maximum efficiency of the PV modules is at 45°C in the summer and 55°C in the winter. In the summer, module efficiency decreases by 0.08% for every degree of temperature rise for module temperatures TP > 45°C. During the monsoon, maximum efficiency decreases by 0.04% per degree increase in temperature for module temperatures TP > 35°C. In the post-monsoon period, maximum efficiency is reduced by 0.06% per degree increase in temperature for module temperatures TP > 38°C (Alnasser et al. 2020). In photovoltaic thermal solar collectors, thermal management is also critical. The highest overall efficiency in PVT-PCM collectors is achieved when water or nano-fluids are used as coolants. The overall efficiency of air-cooled PVT PCM collectors is typically less than 40% (Nižetić et al. 2021).