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Energy and the Environment
Published in Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will, Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics, 2022
Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will
Battery technology is the area where innovation is improving performance most rapidly and where many of the storage issues may eventually come together all the way from micro-devices to grid-scale power. We can use the data in Table 7.7 to illustrate how the practical viability of batteries for off-grid domestic electricity supply has improved over the last few decades and how they compare with alternatives. We will take the average monthly household electricity usage to be 350 kWh, which is a reasonable global average; some countries such as USA use up to three times this amount, whereas others like China use about a third. If this is all to be supplied by batteries then, assuming recharging at a monthly frequency is acceptable, the battery stack must deliver a total electrical energy E of E=350×3600kJ=1.26×106kJ.
Wind Energy
Published in Frank Jackson, Dilwyn Jenkins, Renewable Energy Systems, 2013
Having expressed that point, it is fair to say that even at the smaller end of this range (1 kW to 10 kW), small wind turbines can make significant contributions to the electricity consumed in a home or business. At the upper end of the range there may well be substantial surplus electricity produced which can be exported and sold to the grid. According to the US DOE, a 1.5 kW wind turbine at a location with average wind speeds of 6.26 m/s could provide around 300 kWh a month, sufficient for most electricity-efficient homes. The same source suggests that a typical US home uses approximately 9400 kWh of electricity per year (about 780 kWh per month). This means that, depending on the average windspeed in the area, a wind turbine rated in the range of 5 to 15 kW would be required to make a significant contribution to this demand, particularly if combined with energy efficiency measures.
Small low-enthalpy geothermal projects for rural electrification
Published in D. Chandrasekharam, Jochen Bundschuh, Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources for Power Generation, 2008
D. Chandrasekharam, Jochen Bundschuh
Husavikis one the largest towns in northern Iceland with a population of 2500. Fishing is the main source of income for the inhabitants. Geothermal fields are located at a distance of about 25 km from the town. Initially (1967 to 1969) the geothermal waters were used for district heating, and subsequently during late 1990s, due to advancements made in binary plant technology, geothermal water from five wells drilled to a depth of about 450 m was utilized to generate electric power. The five wells are producing water with flow rates varying from 26 to 95 l/s, with temperatures varying from 115 to 128 °C. Electric power is generated, using a Kalina cycle-based binary power plant. The plant is generating 2 MWe. Besides power, the geothermal energy from the field is being utilized for district heating, aquaculture, and recreation (warm bathing pools). The unit cost of electricity is about 0.13 US$/kWh for residential use and varies from 0.07 to 0.11 US$/kWh for industrial use (Hjartarson et al. 2002).
Solar energy development in households: ways to improve state policy in Ukraine and Latvia
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2022
Iryna Sotnyk, Tetiana Kurbatova, Andra Blumberga, Oleksandr Kubatko, Oleksandra Kubatko
Firstly, we need to define components of the formula (4) for Ukrainian and Latvian homes. The annual volume of electricity consumed by each household is 3600 kWh. The sale price of green electricity generated by the Latvian PV SPP and fed to the local grid (Psale) is assumed at 6 euro cents / kWh. It is in line with the value of the energy generation cost component in the electricity tariff for the population (see Table 1) (Calculator of electricity products : Elektrum Dinamiskais. Elektrum. 2021). The market price for electricity supplied from the local grid and consumed by the household (Pbuy) is 16 euro cents / kWh (Calculator of electricity products : Elektrum Dinamiskais. Elektrum. 2021). Since the home’s income from the green electricity sale is not taxed in Latvia, ktax = 0.
Bioenergy feasibility study of a raw corn and peas processing facility in Lethbridge, Alberta
Published in Biofuels, 2018
Daniel J. Dankewich, Angus Chu, Saurabh Jyoti Sarma, Joo Hwa Tay
The utility electricity billing records from 2005 to 2007 for the Lethbridge Lucerne plant are tabulated in kWh, and it would be necessary to have the data available as kilowatts (kW) for the purpose of comparing generator size to the plant electricity load. However, this conversion is not straightforward. In order to convert from kWh to kW, a detailed record of plant operating load and duration would be necessary. In other words, kWh is the product of electrical load in kW and duration in hours.
Application of environmentally conscious manufacturing strategies for an automotive component
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2019
RM. Thirupathi, S. Vinodh, R. Ben Ruben, Jiju Antony
The main inputs needed for the manufacture of the automotive component are raw materials, electricity and coolants. Efforts were made to minimise the wastes due to consumption of electricity and coolants. A detailed study was made about the processing sequence and resource required for manufacturing the automotive component. The net power consumed for manufacturing the component was measured as 5.2 kWh. An electricity usage monitor was used to measure the power consumed by the machines. The availed electricity usage monitor is basically a power meter that extracts power consumption in terms of watts, amps, voltage, frequency, kilowatt hours (kWh) and other energy-related information. Various optimisation tests were conducted on drilling and turning centres to reduce power consumption by optimising the input parameters such as feed rate and spindle speed. Further, the structure of the electrical grid was reoriented for electrical commissioning and this considerably reduced the power consumption. Reorientation of the structure of electrical grid also reduces the environmental burden of the production of upstream electricity. An electrical grid structure consists of high voltage transmission lines and receivers where the topology usually follows a radial structure. As a part of improvement activity, the radial grids were proposed to be reoriented as smart grids. In smart grids, the transmission capacity is doubled as that of radial grids using two-way communication devices. This improves the energy efficiency and provides uniform power distribution for all the collecting centres. Powers saving stabilisers were installed in turning and drilling centres to reduce power consumption of individual processes. Power saving stabilisers maintain constant output power and eliminate incremental fluctuation and excess voltage. It also safeguards the equipment from sudden load fluctuations and avoids power burnouts that cause damage to the machineries.