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Electrical Systems
Published in Moncef Krarti, Energy Audit of Building Systems, 2020
An important part of any electrical system is the electrical wiring that connects all the system components. Three types of connecting wires can be identified: Service entrance conductors are those electrical wires that deliver electricity from the supply system to the facility. For large facilities, electricity is typically supplied by an electric utility at a relatively high voltage (13.8 kV), requiring a transformer (part of a unit substation) to step down the voltage to the utilization level.Feeders are the conductors that deliver electricity from the service entrance equipment location to the branch circuits. Two types of feeders are generally distinguished: the main feeders that originate at the service entrance (or main distribution panel) and the subfeeders that originate at distribution centers (lighting panelboards or motor control centers).Branch circuits are the conductors that deliver electricity to the utilization equipment from the point of the final overcurrent device.
Electrical Distribution Systems
Published in Barney L. Capehart, William J. Kennedy, Wayne C. Turner, Guide to Energy Management, 2020
Barney L. Capehart, William J. Kennedy, Wayne C. Turner
The “grid” amounts to the networks that carry electricity from the plants where it is generated to consumers. The grid includes wires, substations, transformers, switches and much more. Much in the way that a “smart” phone these days means a phone with a computer in it, smart grid means “computerizing” the electric utility grid. It includes adding two-way digital communication technology to devices associated with the grid. Each device on the network can be given sensors to gather data (power meters, voltage sensors, fault detectors, etc.), plus two-way digital communication between the device in the field and the utility’s network operations center. A key feature of the smart grid is automation technology that lets the utility adjust and control each individual device or millions of devices from a central location.
Renewable Energy Resources
Published in Julie Kerr, Introduction to Energy and Climate, 2017
Net metering allows electric utility customers to install qualifying renewable energy systems that are connected to an electric utility’s distribution system (or grid) on their property to offset their use of electricity from the grid. The programs vary, but in general, electric utility customers are billed for the net amount of the grid-supplied electricity that they use. The net amount is the customer’s total electricity consumption minus the amount that is generated by their renewable system. In some states, customers can sell excess electricity generated by their system to the utility. Forty-three states and the District of Columbia have statewide or district wide net metering programs that apply to all or certain types of electric utilities, such as solar panels.
Comparison of particle swarm optimization and differential evolution for aggregators’ profit maximization in the demand response system
Published in Engineering Optimization, 2018
Nuttachat Wisittipanit, Warisa Wisittipanich
Demand response (DR) refers to changes in the power consumption profiles of electric utility users to match more closely the power supply of utility operators. In general, DR seeks to adjust user demand instead of increasing power supply capacity since the demand can at times be greater than the capacity of all available power sources. In addition, there are limits to what can be achieved by a utility operator, in that some generating units can take a long time to reach their full power and/or are costly to operate. The DR system uses an incentive payment programme to convince users to adjust their power consumption profiles. Specifically, it is expected that the users will shift their demands during peak periods, when the cost of generating electricity is usually high for the utility operator, to off-peak periods, when the cost is lower. The aim is to reduce the overall power generation cost.