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Energy Storage and Transmission
Published in Robert Ehrlich, Harold A. Geller, John R. Cressman, Renewable Energy, 2023
Robert Ehrlich, Harold A. Geller, John R. Cressman
Different energy sources each have their own technology for distribution to the point where the energy is used, and this issue has been discussed in earlier chapters for some sources. Heat transmission, for example, has been discussed in Chapter 10, while fossil fuel transport was considered in Chapter 2. Our focus here will be on the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Electricity is, of course, fundamentally different from either heat or fossil fuels, since while they can easily be stored until they are needed, the capability to store large quantities of electricity is much more limited. Although many readers will consider the terms transmission and distribution to be virtually indistinguishable, within the electric power industry, there is an important difference, as the former refers to the bulk transport of electric power over long distances using transmission lines connecting power plants to area substations, while the latter refers to the distribution of that power beginning from a substation to a surrounding population center.
Compilation and calculation of prosperity index of power grid investment
Published in Rodolfo Dufo-López, Jaroslaw Krzywanski, Jai Singh, Emerging Developments in the Power and Energy Industry, 2019
Min Wang, Yuan Yuan, Yanchao Lu, Dan Xu
As a vital basic energy industry in the development of the national economy, the electric power industry is a power production and consumption system composed of a series of links such as power generation, transmission, transformation, distribution and consumption. The security of electric power production, the sufficiency of electric power supply and the rationality of electric power consumption are all related to the healthy development of national economy. As the practice unit of social power supply, power grid enterprises undertake the important social responsibility of guaranteeing the rapid and steady development of national economy. Especially, with the deepening of social modernization in recent years, the demand-side power consumption pattern is increasing, which puts forward higher requirements for the security and stability of power supply. However, the establishment of a safe and stable power network requires a large number of funds and technologies. Due to the large amount of investment in the power network, the long investment cycle and the slow return of profits, grid investment requires to consider the investment demand comprehensively in many aspects, such as establishing diversified financing channels, and enhancing investment capacity so as to arrange the investment and using of funds in a reasonable way during the investment process.
Power Quality Provided by Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Power Transformers
Published in Hemchandra Madhusudan Shertukde, Distributed Photovoltaic Grid Transformers, 2017
Hemchandra Madhusudan Shertukde
The electric power industry comprises electricity generation (AC power), electric power transmission and ultimately electricity distribution to an electricity meter located at the premises of the end user of the electric power. The electricity then moves through the wiring system of the end user until it reaches the load. The complexity of the system to move electric energy from the point of production to the point of consumption combined with variations in weather, generation, demand and other factors provide many opportunities for the quality of supply to be compromised.
A risk-based machine learning approach for probabilistic transient stability enhancement incorporating wind generation
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2023
Motivated by various techno-economic and environmental factors, the electric power industry is anticipated to undergo a paradigm shift, with a significantly increased level of renewables, especially, wind and photovoltaic, gradually replacing conventional power production sources. This increasing demand for large-scale wind and photovoltaic integration in the conventional power system, along with the inherent and external uncertainties of the system, brings a lot of challenges. One of them is the power system transient stability (Steinmetz 1920). Historically, transient stability has been the leading stability issue in most power networks (Vassell 1991). It is the ability of synchronous machines to regain their synchronism, following sudden disturbances (Kundur et al. 2004). Transient stability is an essential condition for a secure operation of any power system.
Forecasting Uncertainty Parameters of Virtual Power Plants Using Decision Tree Algorithm
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Raji Krishna, Hemamalini Sathish, Ning Zhou
Due to environmental concerns and economic advantages, the electric power industry has worked hard in the last two decades to enhance electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES). Solar photovoltaics and wind energy are currently the most rapidly adopted RESs in power production due to their cost-effectiveness [1]. The power produced by the wind depends on the wind speed, whereas weather and passing clouds affect solar power output. The intermittent renewable energy supply makes virtual power plant (VPP) operation and control more difficult. Energy management is already complicated by the wide range of power demand, utility price, and the new variables added by the uncertainty of resource generation. However, the RES have played a crucial role in sustaining the electricity supply and mitigating environmental pollution and the global warming catastrophe. Estimation of the green energy generated is essential for maintaining the distribution system’s power balance, stability, and dependability considering the growing penetration of renewable energy. Forecasting [2, 3] the power generated by the non-dispatchable RES provides information on the quantity of energy generated by each power source, and it helps to ensure that the distribution system’s load requirement is satisfied. People need electricity that is more affordable, more reliable, and of higher quality. For quality and reliable power, the concept of VPPs [4] plays a major role. A virtual power plant is a miniature, single-generation power plant that incorporates energy storage devices, controlled loads, distributed generators (DG), and technologies that coordinate the flow of electricity among these elements. Figure 1 is a simplified diagram of the VPP. It has become a promising option for integrating RESs since it can be operated as a unitary, sustainable power generation infrastructure. A VPP operates inside a clearly defined electrical boundary. Some nonrenewable resources such as microturbines, fuel cells, diesel generators, combined heat power plants (CHPP) and gas turbines are also considered to guarantee power availability. Energy storage devices like batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells are employed as backups [5–7]. However, forecasting approaches can play a significant role in resolving natural variability and uncertainty. In the literature, prediction approaches are generally classified into physical, statistical, and hybrid methods [8]. Atmospheric parameters such as temperature, pressure, and wind velocity are used in the physical techniques. Time series and machine learning methods are included in statistical methods. The hybrid approaches combine the aforementioned methodologies to achieve more precise forecasts. Because of the intermittent nature of RES and the load demand, effective power forecasting is crucial for the smooth and reliable functioning of transmission networks with large-scale RES integration. Many mathematical methods are used in the literature to model the volatility of RES. Physical forecasting methods rely on hydro- and thermo-dynamic models, considering initial values and boundary conditions, but they exhibit poor performance in predicting wind power generation due to the requirement for precise mathematical models [9].