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Lignocellulosic Biomass Wastes to Bioenergy
Published in Amit Kumar, Chhotu Ram, Nanobiotechnology for Green Environment, 2021
Amit Kumar, Diwakar Aggarwal, Amit Kumar Bharti, Chhotu Ram
Biofuels are renewable fuels that are derived from biological materials including plants, microorganisms, animals, and wastes (Aro, 2016). Biofuels are the most favorable alternative for fossil fuels to tackle down the growing problem of global warming, environmental issues, and energy demand. Current research and developments are focused on biofuels such as bioethanol, biobutanol, biomethane, biohydrogen, and biodiesel. All of these biofuels except biodiesel are produced by the process of microbial fermentation of suitable carbohydrate feedstocks. Biofuels can be categorized in to first, second, and third-generation biofuels based on the feedstock utilized for conversion. First-generation biofuels are produced directly from edible food-based feedstocks which have several social, economical, and environmental issues such as increasing food price, and deforestation for farming, etc. Therefore, the production of first-generation biofuels in the future cannot be produced on a large scale without threatening food supplies (Barros-Rios et al., 2016; Ghosh et al., 2017; Tomei and Helliwell, 2016). Second-generation biofuels are produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks which do not compete with food supply. Second-generation biofuels are socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable due to the utilization of non-edible lignocellulosic biomass which are the most promising carbohydrate sources for the production of biofuels (Cheng et al., 2011; Ghosh et al., 2017).
Biodiesel
Published in Arumugam S. Ramadhas, Alternative Fuels for Transportation, 2016
Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas, Simon Jayaraj, Chandrasekaran Muraleedharan
Petroleum products consumption is increasing day-by-day as the number of vehicles on road increases. Combustion of hydrocarbon fuel increases its concentration in the environmental pollution also. There is a need to solve these twin problems—fuel supply and environmental pollution. Nonrenewable fuel emits more hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon monoxides as compared to renewable biofuels. Various alternative fuels are considered as substitute fuels for petroleum products and efforts were made to analyze the suitability of the fuel and its demonstration. Renewable fuels have received more attention as they reduce the environmental pollution (by completing carbon cycle) and reduce the import of petroleum. Hence, researchers and the scientific community worldwide have focused on development of biodiesel and the optimization of the processes to meet the standards and specifications needed for the fuel to be used commercially.
Biochemical Pathways for the Biofuel Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Jhansi L. Varanasi, Fundamentals of Biofuel Production Processes, 2019
Debabrata Das, Jhansi L. Varanasi
Biofuels are renewable fuels that are produced using energy stored in biomass in the form of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. These biomolecules can be directly extracted and used for the production of fuels (e.g., biodiesel production from lipids extracted from oil crops and algae) or can be converted through microbial metabolism to liquid and gaseous biofuels (e.g., ethanol production from sugarcane using yeasts) (Demirbas 2008; Nigam and Singh 2011). Microbial metabolism occurs in two phases of biochemical processes—anabolism (synthesis of new compounds) and catabolism (breakdown of complex biomolecules for energy generation). Both these phases involve a series of interconnected biochemical reactions that are known as biochemical pathways.
Microwave-assisted production of biodiesel using sulfonated carbon-based catalyst derived from biowaste
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Nidhi Yadav, Gaurav Yadav, Mohammed Ahmaruzzaman
Fossil fuel depletion is becoming a global concern as energy needs grow exponentially. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) estimated that petroleum product consumption will exceed 109.4 million gallons every day by 2040, with diesel fuel usage dominating by 5.7 million barrels every day (Gebremariam and Marchetti 2018). As a result, new renewable and environmentally benign energy sources are urgently required. Coal, gas, and crude oil are now leading worldwide energy sources (Carrington and Stephenson 2018). Meanwhile, the limited availability of these fossil fuels inspires people to consider alternative fuels derived from renewable sources. According to the International Energy Agency, including solar, wind, and hydro energy resources, biofuel is the most environmentally friendly energy source (Naik et al. 2010). Compared to traditional fuels, renewable fuel sources provide more environmental benefits, like significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants (Ellabban, Abu-Rub, and Blaabjerg 2014). Biodiesel or FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) is a convenient option instead of conventional fuels (Ambat, Srivastava, and Sillanpää 2018).
Influence of nanoadditives on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with diesel, biodiesel, and blends – a review
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Alternative/Renewable fuels are the fuels that are obtained from sources other than petroleum. These are based on the principle of 3 E’s, i.e. (Eco-friendly, Efficient, Economical) (Bae and Kim 2017; Mofijur et al. 2015). Out of different alternative fuel available, biodiesel is the most promising substitute replacement of the diesel fuel. Biodiesel has an advantage over other fuels as it has the potential of sustainably replacing diesel fuel without undergoing any engine modifications. Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl esters, obtained from domestic sources such as edible/nonedible oils, waste cooking vegetable oils or animal fats/tallows. Biodiesel is oxygen-rich fuel, free from aromatic hydrocarbons and harmful crude oil residues. It is biodegradable and non-toxic in nature, easy to handle and store (Huang, Zhou, and Lin 2011; Noor et al. 2018). The chemical process used for converting raw oils to biodiesel is known as transesterification. In this process, the triglycerides react with alcohol (methanol, ethanol) to form products of esters and glycerol.
A review of bio-fuelled LHR engines
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2020
Krishna Kumar Pandey, S. Murugan
In recent years, population growth and advancements in technology are rapidly increasing day by day. This causes a gigantic increase in energy demand and global energy consumption (Ağbulut 2019). Currently, the global oil consumption averaged 1.6 million barrels per day (Ağbulut and Sarıdemir 2018). Automotive vehicles and stand-by generation units are mainly run by internal combustion engines (ICEs) which consume petroleum fuels in a large quantity. This causes fast depletion of petroleum and serious environmental threat. It is predicted that the petroleum fuels will be available another 50 years only (Ağbulut and Bakir 2019; Ağbulut, Sarıdemir, and Durucan 2018). Hence, many researchers are involved in finding alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biofuels are environment-friendly alternative renewable fuels which can be used in IC engines by adopting fuel or engine modifications. A few examples of biofuels are vegetable oils and their esters, alcohols and biogas. Biodiesel can be directly used in compression ignition (CI) engines or blended with a diesel fuel with or without engine modification(Ağbulut et al. 2019; Khayum, Anbarasu, and Murugan 2020).