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Risk Evaluation of Electricity Systems with Large Penetration of Renewable Generations
Published in Neeraj Gupta, Anuradha Tomar, B Rajanarayan Prusty, Pankaj Gupta, Renewable Energy Integration to the Grid, 2022
Sheng Wang, Lalit Goel, Yi Ding
On the other hand, a new rising technology, power-to-gas (P2G), offers a promising solution to the promotion the utilization of renewable energies. It can convert surplus electric generation from renewable generators into hydrogen or synthetic natural gas. By this means, the electricity can be indirectly stored for later use, thus preventing the waste [17]. Though the gas network does not require a precisely balanced supply and demand, excessive injection of gas into the gas network could still cause pressure fluctuations, threatening its secure operation. Under this new circumstance, the support from the gas system on renewable energy utilization and its influence on operational risks of electricity systems is worth studying. Some quantitative studies have been conducted to assess economic influence of P2Gs on the electricity systems and gas networks in the operation [18,19]. However, the impacts on system risk have not been studied yet, especially in terms of spatial and temporal risks.
Saving nature with bits and bytes?
Published in Steffen Lange, Tilman Santarius, Smart Green World?, 2020
Steffen Lange, Tilman Santarius
One aspect of our future electricity system therefore involves increasing the flexibility of demand. But, how can consumption be adjusted to the fluctuations in wind and solar power? What happens when the wind is still for so long that the temperature in the cold store rises too high? And what happens in the opposite case on particularly stormy days when the wind power remains unsold because there is simply too much electricity being generated? This is where we need electricity storage systems and methods of converting surplus power into other forms of energy such as gas and heat – known as “power-to-X”. For example, electrolysis can be used to convert electricity into gas (power-to-gas) that can then be used to generate heat or fuel gas-powered vehicles. Power-to-heat involves converting electricity into heat – this is the principle on which heat-pump boilers are based. Battery storage systems and power-to-X are both important elements of the transition to an energy system based entirely on renewables. There is currently much discussion of which of these methods of storing surplus electricity or using it elsewhere is best from an environmental point of view.46
Production of Substitute Natural Gas
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Jürgen Karl, Michael Neubert, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
Common biogas plants convert biomass into a product gas that consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. They use biogenic and anthropogenic raw materials and residuals, for example, manure or corn silage. The microorganisms utilize short-chain fatty acids and hydrogen to produce methane at the end of the fermentative degradation of the biomass. Biological methanation converts carbon dioxide directly with hydrogen into methane via methanogenesis. A first concept feeds additional hydrogen directly into the fermenter of an existing biogas plant (in situ methanation). But most concepts comprise separate continuous stirred-tank reactors. Practical examples are power-to-gas projects from MicrobEnergy in Allendorf, Germany, or the BioCat Project developed by Electrochaea with an electrical power input of 1 MW in Denmark (Götz et al. 2016). The key challenge for the technology is to provide high gas–liquid surfaces that enable high mass transfer rates into the liquid phase of the substrate. New approaches suggest trickle-bed reactors (Burkhardt and Busch 2013, Rachbauer et al. 2016) to improve the mass transfer.
Assessment of decarbonization possibilities in Lithuania’s chemical industry
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2023
Egidijus Norvaiša, Arvydas Galinis, Eimantas Neniškis
The concept of “Power to Gas” (specifically “Power2Hydrogen” or “Power2Methane”) could be an essential component in the future energy mix to supply low-carbon H₂ and methane from renewable electricity. Unfortunately, there are significant technical and economic barriers to the practical implementation of these concepts (Friedmann, Fan, and Tang 2019). Currently, the cost of green H2 production is a significant barrier, but it is anticipated that prices will go down and H2 will have a continuously increasing role in deep decarbonization strategies. According to (IRENA 2020b) the most significant single cost component for on-site production of green H2 is the cost of renewable electricity. To reduce green H2 prices in the long term, reductions in the costs of electrolysis facilities are also necessary. IRENA identified key strategies to reduce investment costs by up to 80% because of fundamental innovations in electrolyzer design, increased module sizes, economies of scale, procurement of materials, efficiency, and flexibility of operation, as well as due to technology learning rates (IRENA 2020b)).
Heat transfer measurements in a hydrogen-oxyfuel combustor
Published in Experimental Heat Transfer, 2021
Tom Tanneberger, Panagiotis Stathopoulos
It is common understanding that greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced significantly to stop a severe climate crisis [1] and that this can only happen with a considerable expansion of renewable energy generation. The vast majority of renewables is not dispatchable and can potentially endanger grid reliability, when their share is increased. Besides primary and secondary control reserves, long term storage will be needed to shift any generation than cannot be consumed or transmitted at the time point of generation [2, 3]. Power-to-gas is a promising solution for long-term energy storage. Here, excess energy from wind and solar, is used to generate pressurized H from water with an electrolyzer. The H can be stored, transported, and converted back to energy when needed. One opportunity to retrieve the energy is the direct combustion of the H. Several projects on the combustion of hydrogen-rich fuels were initiated in the last years in industry [4–9]. However, these technologies still produce NO and CO emissions. The project, part of which the current work is, aims to develop and investigate a zero-emission H combustion technology that burns H and O under stoichiometric conditions. Such a combustor can be installed in steam power plants as an on-demand reheat stage [10], or it could be a part of a zero-emission power plant [11, 12].
Coordination of thermal/wind energies in power-to-gas process for cost/pollution abatement considering wind energy recovery
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Reza Hemmati, Seyyed Mostafa Nosratabadi, Hasan Mehrjerdi, Mosayeb Bornapour
The growth of energy storage technologies is vital for the sustainability of renewable energy integration in the electric power systems. In this respect, P2G technologies are very beneficial for long-term and high-capacity energy storage. The P2G systems can store electric energy for long-term periods like seasonal storage (Ceballos-Escalera et al. 2020). The power to gas may be used to store energy in order to supply the base loads of electrical grid in the bulk electric power systems. An investigation on the Spain electrical network demonstrates that the PV solar or wind energy can be used as a suitable replacement for coal and nuclear power stations. The P2G based on the electrolyzer, MgH2 storage and fuel cell is utilized to store the renewable energy. In the investigated plan, 205 M solar panels and 8000 wind turbines are installed (Heras and Martín 2021). The P2G which is a clean energy conversion method may be utilized together with the other energy storage systems in order to achieve better operation. It has been investigated that the P2G can achieve better and more stable energy system when it is combined with the other energy systems like electrical and heat energy storage systems (Yang et al. 2020). The P2G is classified as one of the energy storage methods where the electrical energy is stored in the chemical form and it could be restored when required. This process is similar to the other energy storage systems such as electrical, thermal, electrochemical, mechanical, and chemical energy storage systems (Hemmati, Mehrjerdi, and Nosratabadi 2021). The multi-carrier energy system including power to gas and CO2-based electrothermal energy storage recoveries the surplus of wind energy to about 70.5% (Cheng et al. 2021).