China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Air Traffic Control System
Published in Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić, Introduction to the Air Transport System, 2022
Milica Kalić, Slavica Dožić, Danica Babić
IFR flying means flying in the clouds. More specifically, IFR flying means navigating a plane through bad weather conditions, heavy clouds, or under the darkness of night, leveraging cockpit instruments as altimeters, GPS systems, and vertical speed indicators. It is called instrument flight because the pilot navigates only by reference to the instruments in the aircraft cockpit. A pilot may select to fly with instrument flight rules in visual meteorological conditions or may be required to do so by the appropriate ATS authority. The pilots of IFR flights are obligated to maintain continuous voice communication and establish two-way communication with the corresponding air traffic control unit. Within the controlled airspace, all commercial aircraft are obligated to fly under IFR, regardless of whether they operate during the day or night and in any visibility conditions.
Navigation
Published in Suzanne K. Kearns, Fundamentals of International Aviation, 2021
IFR refers to flights that are conducted without relying on visual reference (i.e. they cannot see other aircraft or the ground, perhaps because of fog or clouds). These flights are conducted primarily by the pilot referencing cockpit avionics (a collective term for the cockpit instruments that pilots use during flight navigation). IFR flights may be conducted in either VMC or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), which describes poor weather conditions. As pilots cannot see other aircraft, safe separation is the responsibility of ATCOs. However, the pilot holds the ultimate responsibility for flight safety and has the right to refuse ATC instructions if necessary. Airline flights almost always fly IFR, whether in VMC or IMC weather conditions.
The Context and Environments of Aviation
Published in Charles E. Billings, Aviation Automation: The Search for A Human-Centered Approach, 2018
Despite the considerable costs of participation in aviation activities, many general aviation aircraft are well equipped to participate in today’s aviation system. As an example, area navigation equipment (see chapter 5) is found in over 50% of these aircraft, making direct routings possible and alleviating pilot workload. Most of these aircraft are flown by a single pilot whose proficiency may or may not be at a high level; most recreational pilots fly relatively few hours per year (less than 100). The workload involved in single-pilot IFR flight under difficult conditions (whether the difficulties are due to weather, unfamiliar terrain, ATC constraints, or a difficult mission) can be very heavy, and many general aviation pilots are not accustomed to working within a demanding operational environment. Further, there are usually fewer resources available to deal with difficulties, and GA pilots may be less knowledgeable about sources of assistance or less willing to make use of others, including ATC, to help in problem resolution.
Pilots’ Willingness to Operate in Unmanned Aircraft System Integrated Airspace
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2021
Lakshmi Vempati, Scott R. Winter, Stephen Rice, Valerie Gawron, John M. Robbins
Airspace was a key factor influencing willingness to pilot an aircraft, which is not entirely surprising. Pilots typically operate under well-established operational rules: visual flight rules (VFR) or instrument flight rules (IFR) in all classes of airspace. Current regulations clearly define operating rules by airspace classification, and pilots’ perspectives are guided by airspace. ATC provides services to all aircraft regardless of operating rules in higher airspace classes such as Class B and Class C. ATC services are provided to all IFR traffic and, time permitting, to VFR traffic in other airspace classes, such as Class D, Class E, and Class G. Pilots utilize a combination of communication, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) techniques for pilotage under all operating flight rules regardless of integration type. Thus, pilots were more favorable to UAS integrated operations in Class B and Class C and less favorable with decreasing airspace classifications. The type of integration and type of operation had no influence on pilots’ willingness to fly. Further research over a wider pilot population is necessary to confirm the theory.
An exploratory study on the effects of human, technical and operating factors on aviation safety
Published in Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 2019
Joyce M. W. Low, Kum Khiong Yang
Air Navigation Service scores are computed based on the availability of flight information centers and air traffic control units within States that provide air traffic services (or information) to aircrafts operating in accordance with instrument flight rules (IFR) within their controlled airspace. The provided information includes significant meteorological (SIGMET) information, weather conditions at departure, destination and alternate aerodromes, changes in the serviceability of navigation aids, aerodromes and associated facilities, and any other information related to collision hazards. This information is important to minimize collision risks between aircrafts when they are taxiing, maneuvering, taking off, landing, en-routing to different destinations, or in a holding pattern at a destination aerodrome. Meanwhile, the air traffic control unit established in a State plays an essential role to provide clearance and information on the longitudinal, vertical, or lateral separation between arriving and departing aircrafts, to expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic, and to provide advice and information for the safe and efficient conduct of flights and alerting services for aircrafts in distress. In particular, contingency planning is important in all air traffic control units as it contains concise guidance to assist the air traffic control units to maintain safe and orderly flow of international air traffic in the event of disruptions of air traffic services and related supporting services.
Helicopter pilots’ views of air traffic controller responsibilities: a mismatch
Published in Ergonomics, 2019
Key tasks are examined such as maintaining appropriate physical separation from the ground, other aircraft and vertical obstructions such as telecommunication towers and tall buildings. The safety of the aircraft is also highly influenced by the flight being conducted in appropriate weather conditions, and the application of the correct set of flight rules by the pilot, for the weather encountered. For example, in conditions of good visibility, the pilot will apply Visual Flight Rules (VFR), and in conditions of poor visibility, the pilot will apply Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). In the latter case, the pilot will fly with sole reference to the cockpit instrumentation.