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Standardization of Flight Decks - operational aspects
Published in Hans M. Soekkha, Aviation Safety, 2020
During the mid 1930’s, a new instrument that would revolutionize the art of instrument flying began to appear on the panel. This instrument, called the “artificial horizon” contained a gyroscope which was used to give the pilot a plane of reference. Together with the sensitive altimeter, sensitive airspeed, “rate of climb” and “directional gyro”, the “full panel” of flight instrumentation was a reality. This caused the old system of Needle-Ball-Airspeed System of control to be changed. Now, for fully coordinated flight, die pilot had to center the needle with aileron and center the ball with rodder, while the elevator control of airspeed was maintained. This method of control was called “Attitude Instrument Flying”.
The lunar module
Published in Jonathan Allday, Apollo in Perspective, 2019
One interesting example of the astronauts’ input into the configuration of the instrument panel involved the ‘eight-balls’1. Such devices are generally used to display an artificial horizon as a reference for a pilot during flight. In essence, eight-balls are freely mounted spheres, which tend to remain level as the cabin rotates. However, as they are mounted into the panel, they do move along with the spacecraft! Comparing a line drawn across the ball’s diameter with the reference scale on the glass cover of the instrument makes the angle of flight evident. The two eight-balls can be seen in their hexagonal mountings on the main panel in Figure 6.6.
Photonics for Biomedical Sensing
Published in Narendra Kumar, Bhuvneshwer Suthar, Advances in Photonic Crystals and Devices, 2019
K. P. Swain, G. Palai, P. Sarkar
The inclinometers are widely used in tunnels, foundation, and platform leveling to watch the ground movement. The sensors are used to measure the angular tilt with respect to an artificial horizon generated by it. FBG sensors can also be used to monitor the land slide and tunnel stability, rock deformation, ground movement as it has the important advantage of being resistant for Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and resistant to corrosion and water damage.
Susceptibility to Flight Simulator-Induced Spatial Disorientation in Pilots and Non-Pilots
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2020
Rafał Lewkowicz, Bibianna Bałaj, Piotr Francuz
To create a set of specific disorientation scenarios, an integrated physiological trainer (Gyro-IPT; Environmental Tectonics Corporation, Inc., Southampton, PA) located at the Military Institute of Aviation Medicine in Poland was used. This SD simulator has a three-axis (roll ±30°, pitch ±15° and continuous 360° yaw) motion base and a one-channel, high-resolution, non-collimated out-the-window visual display, with a total field of view of ~28° vertically by ~40° horizontally (when viewed from the design-eye position). Next to standard flight instruments: altimeter, airspeed, heading, and vertical speed indicator, the “inside-out” attitude direction indicator (artificial horizon display), which includes a moving-horizon attitude reference, was applied. The Gyro-IPT can simulate SD during a wide variety of essential stimulus situations known to occur in flight. This simulator is particularly recommended for the training of pilots under-induced SD conditions (Cheung & Wong, 1988). More detail about this SD simulator can be found in our previous paper (Lewkowicz, Fudali-Czyż, Bałaj, & Francuz, 2018).