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Aviation Displays
Published in Pamela S. Tsang, Michael A. Vidulich, Principles and Practice of Aviation Psychology, 2002
During the 1950s and 60s, more specialized navigational instruments were incorporated into most aircraft to supplement the six primary instruments that were shown in Fig. 5.1(a). These navigational instruments, coupled with a series of radio procedures, helped the pilots navigate to fixed locations or electronic navigational beacons over the ground, rather than to visual landmarks, thereby enabling navigation to be done at night or in the clouds when the ground was not visible. These conditions are defined as Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) and can be distinguished from the Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) in which visual navigation by ground reference is possible. In IMC, pilots must then navigate by reference to navigational instruments and Instrument Flight Rules, or IFR, requiring more specialized pilot training and licensing.
The Design of the Air Traffic Control System
Published in Steven J. Landry, Handbook of Human Factors in Air Transportation Systems, 2017
Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) age generally defined as weather conditions in which the visibility is below that required for VMC or whenever the pilot cannot remain clear of clouds. Pilots operating in IMC must comply with instrument flight rules (IFR), which require the filing of a flight plan, and ATC normally provides air traffic separation. Pilots may operate under IFR when flying in VMC conditions. Under these circumstances, ATC will separate only those aircraft complying with IRF. VFR aircraft provide their own separation, and IFR aircraft have the responsibility to see and avoid VFR aircraft.
High-Fidelity Line Operational Simulation Evaluation of Synthetic Vision Flight Deck Technology for Enhanced Unusual Attitude Awareness and Recovery
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2021
Kyle K. Ellis, Lawrence J. Prinzel, Daniel K. Kiggins, Stephanie N. Nicholas, Kathryn Ballard, Renee C. Lake, Trey J. Arthur
The CAST Joint Safety Analysis Team (2014a) identified that the lack of external visual references (i.e., darkness, instrument meteorological conditions, or both) was associated with flight crew loss of attitude or energy state awareness in 17 of the 18 events studied. During these events, flight crews were unable to determine a visible horizon outside the flight deck windows and lacked the natural visual cues that are available during Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC). During Instrument Meteorological Condition (IMC), pilots must rely completely on abstract flight deck instruments for spatial orientation and energy awareness. In response to that finding, CAST recommended, under Safety Enhancement (SE)-200 that industry should implement virtual day-VMC display systems, such as synthetic vision or equivalent systems to provide the intuitive visual cues necessary to prevent LOC-I resulting from flight crew spatial disorientation and loss of energy state awareness (CAST, 2014b, 2014c).