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The Design of the Air Traffic Control System
Published in Steven J. Landry, Handbook of Human Factors in Air Transportation Systems, 2017
Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) are defined as weather conditions in which pilots are able to see and avoid other aircraft. In general, pilots flying in VMC conditions comply with visual flight rules (VFR). VFR generally require that three to five miles of flight visibility be maintained at all times, that the aircraft remain clear of clouds, and that pilots have the responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft. Pilots provide their own air traffic separation. The ATC system may assist the pilots and may offer additional services, but the pilot has the ultimate responsibility to avoid other air traffic.
Qualitative Analysis of General Aviation Pilots’ Aviation Safety Reporting System Incident Narratives Using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2023
Lakshmi Vempati, Sabrina Woods, Robert C. Solano
A summary review of the last three Nall reports (23rd, 24th, and 25th, respectively) indicated human error, often exacerbated by either environmental, technological, or human factors, remain a key finding of significance in post-mishap analyses (Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association [AOPA], 2014, 2015, 2016). The categorical grouping of these findings is consistent with the framework of the HFACS model. Therefore, narratives from 2015 pertaining to Cessna 172 incidents were queried directly from the NASA ASRS database. This resulted in a set of 48 narratives that highlighted human elements as having a role in the incident. In order to further refine the data and keep the focus on human error, narratives involving mechanical failure of the aircraft and those reported by individuals other than the primary or secondary operator of the aircraft were eliminated from the study. The final set of narratives comprised of 38 incidents, limited to those that occurred during final approach or landing phase under visual meteorological conditions.
Towards Human Objective Real-Time Trust of Autonomy Measures for Combat Aviation
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2023
Patrick Highland, Thomas Schnell, Katharine Woodruff, Gianna Avdic-McIntire
The WVRAC task is not common in modern warfare, but typically begins when enemy aircraft is between 5 and 1 nautical miles (nm) slant range distance. Research shows that visual acquisition of a target aircraft (“Tally”) could be expected to occur at approximately 3 nm during mid-day visual meteorological conditions (Highland et al., 2020). As the air forces of the world continue to grow, it is conceivable that the number of enemy aircraft may eventually outpace friendly AIR-TO-AIR missile stockpiles, making the WVRAC task again conceivable. This concept encourages nations to keep high-value airborne assets, such as an autonomous own-ship controlling an unmanned wingman, at a safe distance from the forward edge of the battlespace.
Measured effects of workload and auditory feedback on remote pilot task performance
Published in Ergonomics, 2021
Matthew J. M. Dunn, Brett R. C. Molesworth, Tay Koo, Gabriel Lodewijks
In the context of the present study, and specifically under BVLOS conditions, how changes in workload and the effect of auditory sensory cueing on task performance remains unknown. The practical applications to the field of automated RPAS operations suggest the type of task being undertaken (i.e. cognitively demanding and/or perception/attention related) could benefit from the inclusion of variable sensory cueing in terms of the presence or absence of live auditory feedback. However, a number of operational factors need to be considered such as: the level of workload involved (e.g. spotting or target acquisition tasks with time pressure and levels of uncertainty; Liu et al. 2016), switching from automated to manual flight control under Visual Meteorological Conditions (lower workload) versus Instrument Meteorological Conditions (higher workload; Crognale and Krebs 2011) and stage of flight (e.g. cruise or altitude change (lower workload) versus approach and landing phases (higher workload; Lee and Liu 2003; Di Nocera, Camilli, and Terenzi 2007)) to name a few. The extent to which the AT or MAT could be used to explain the findings from the present study were, therefore, also considered. Thus, the aim of the research was to answer the following research questions:What is the effect of real-time auditory feedback (as an additional sensory cue) on remote pilot perception and decision-making task performance?How does workload moderate this effect?How does piloting experience moderate this effect?