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chapter thirteen System of air vehicles
Published in Mo Jamshidi, Systems of Systems Engineering, 2017
Class B airspace surrounds the busiest commercial airports [11,13,14]. This is the most congested airspace and has the most complex mix of aircraft operations. At its core, it extends from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL. The shape of Class B airspace looks like an upside-down wedding cake with several layers. Each layer is divided into sectors with dimensions and shape tailored to meet local traffic and safety needs. The outer limit of Class B airspace can extend to 30 nautical miles (NM) from the primary airport. Air traffic control (ATC) clearance is required to operate in Class B airspace areas. To increase safety, the airspace is designed to minimize the number of turns aircraft are required to perform as they descend to an airport, while still enabling other aircraft to safely transition the area. Class B airspace is depicted on sectional charts, IFR enroute (low altitude) charts, and terminal area charts. Flight operations within Class B airspace are generally very complex and require considerable planning and coordination. Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) coordination within U.S. Class B airspace must be carefully coordinated with the FAA due to a significant impact on the airport. A TFR will generally not be issued in Class B airspace areas because the area is already a controlled airspace. Operations must be with ATC clearance.
Creating trust and achieving safety in air traffic control
Published in Jane Summerton, Boel Berner, Constructing Risk and Safety in Technological Practice, 2003
Second, The Pilot’s Prayer indicates that the division of labor between controllers and flight crews carries with it a mutual, but asymmetrical, dependency. The poem tells us about the pilots’ dependence on the controllers in several respects. Pilots must have the controllers’ clearance to perform any trajectory in controlled airspace. They sometimes need to be given “radar vectors,” i.e. compass headings, instead of using radio beacons when navigating (when controllers need to handle increased traffic efficiently). Pilots also sometimes have to accept that they are “cut off on final,” i.e. when they have to make a go-around. This may be because the controllers have information about the current weather situation and use this command to avoid adverse weather. The poem also briefly mentions the controllers’ dependence on the pilots’ acceptance in order to fulfill their tasks: “And forgive us our ABC incursions.”
Suborbital Transportation and the Link to Space Law
Published in Benjamyn I. Scott, Andrea Trimarchi, Fundamentals of International Aviation Law and Policy, 2019
Benjamyn I. Scott, Andrea Trimarchi
This provides some clarity to the scope of the term ‘airspace’. First, the subjacent State has sovereignty over the airspace, so non-sovereign areas above its territory, notably outer space, are not part of the airspace. Second, the airspace is divided into different classifications with defined dimensions specified in national law. 27 Class A airspace is the highest airspace which, for example, in the United States extends from 18,000 feet (c.5,500 m) mean sea level to flight level 600 which is c.60,000 feet (c.18,000 m) mean sea level. As a result, the airspace can be interpreted in law as going at least to the highest point of controlled airspace.
How Do General Aviation Pilots Choose Their Route When Flying in Complex Airspace?
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2019
Airspace infringements are among the most frequently reported safety occurrences involving general aviation (GA) flights in European airspace. An airspace infringement incident can be defined as the unauthorized entry of an aircraft into controlled and restricted airspace, without the receipt of permission from the air traffic controller (European Aviation Safety Agency, 2015). Such incidents can cause considerable disruptions in safely managing the air traffic in controlled airspace, highlighting the need for effective prevention actions. Previous studies (European Air Traffic Management, 2007a, 2007b, 2008; Safety Regulation Group, 2003) emphasized the importance of flight planning for GA pilots to prevent airspace infringements from occurring, although without any discussion relating to the processes involved and their shortcomings; for example, how the flight path and altitude are selected preflight.