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The Air Traffic Control System
Published in V. David Hopkin, Human Factors in Air Traffic Control, 2017
The role of air traffic control depends on phase of flight. The primary distinction is between controlled airspace with an air traffic control service that is usually mandatory, and uncontrolled airspace where any service is usually advisory. In most countries, uncontrolled airspace is generally below normal cruising flight levels and away from airports. For commercial aircraft, different but coordinated air traffic control services are commonly provided for the following phases of flight in many countries: manoeuvres within an airport and its immediate vicinity, including take-off, landing and ground movements;flights within the terminal manoeuvring area around an airport, including the organization of aircraft approaching from different directions into one or more streams for landing, and the initial routeing of departing aircraft according to their destinations;flights cruising en route between the terminal areas of different airports, including the initial transition between the terminal area and the cruising state by climbing or descending;flights cruising beyond radar coverage, typically over oceans.
Navigation
Published in Suzanne K. Kearns, Fundamentals of International Aviation, 2021
Controlled airspace is a defined sector of airspace where ATC services are provided. Controlled airspace is monitored and managed by air traffic controllers. Pilots require a clearance to enter (i.e. pilots must request and receive ATC permission before entering controlled airspace). Typically, controlled airspace is associated with a high volume of traffic (such as the airspace surrounding airports) or secure areas (such as rocket launch areas or military operations). Flight in controlled airspace is a combination of IFR and VFR, depending on the airspace classification (Class A through G).
Navigation
Published in Suzanne K. Kearns, Fundamentals of International Aviation, 2018
Controlled airspace is a defined sector of airspace where ATC services are provided. Controlled airspace is monitored and managed by air traffic controllers. Pilots require a clearance to enter (i.e., pilots must request and receive ATC permission before entering controlled airspace). Typically, controlled airspace is associated with a high volume of traffic (such as the airspace surrounding airports) or secure areas (such as rocket launches or military operations). Flight in controlled airspace is a combination of IFR and VFR, depending on the airspace classification (A through G).
An exploratory study on the effects of human, technical and operating factors on aviation safety
Published in Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 2019
Joyce M. W. Low, Kum Khiong Yang
Air Navigation Service scores are computed based on the availability of flight information centers and air traffic control units within States that provide air traffic services (or information) to aircrafts operating in accordance with instrument flight rules (IFR) within their controlled airspace. The provided information includes significant meteorological (SIGMET) information, weather conditions at departure, destination and alternate aerodromes, changes in the serviceability of navigation aids, aerodromes and associated facilities, and any other information related to collision hazards. This information is important to minimize collision risks between aircrafts when they are taxiing, maneuvering, taking off, landing, en-routing to different destinations, or in a holding pattern at a destination aerodrome. Meanwhile, the air traffic control unit established in a State plays an essential role to provide clearance and information on the longitudinal, vertical, or lateral separation between arriving and departing aircrafts, to expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic, and to provide advice and information for the safe and efficient conduct of flights and alerting services for aircrafts in distress. In particular, contingency planning is important in all air traffic control units as it contains concise guidance to assist the air traffic control units to maintain safe and orderly flow of international air traffic in the event of disruptions of air traffic services and related supporting services.
How Do General Aviation Pilots Choose Their Route When Flying in Complex Airspace?
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2019
As shown, GA pilots evaluate the action of flying the initial flight route by considering the airspace design across the route with respect to the technological requirements for the aircraft to fly through the various types of airspace and pilot-related factors. When the flight route passes through or near controlled or restricted airspace, pilots reassess the flight path during these segments and they make changes to the flight path and altitude (Theme 1). With access being forbidden to restricted airspace, pilots plan a route around these areas. However, for flights through controlled airspace, the decision is dichotomous. The pilots can either offset the route in uncontrolled airspace or plan to continue through controlled airspace. For ill-equipped aircraft or pilots who decide to fly in uncontrolled airspace, pilots offset the route in uncontrolled airspace and thus fly FB, so it is a matter of defining the separation distance from the controlled airspace.