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Commercial Space Activities and Civil Airspace
Published in Janet K. Tinoco, Chunyan Yu, Diane Howard, Ruth E. Stilwell, An Introduction to the Spaceport Industry, 2020
Janet K. Tinoco, Chunyan Yu, Diane Howard, Ruth E. Stilwell
There are several terms that are often not well understood because the plain language definitions may differ from their technical application. Terms like uncontrolled or nonregulatory airspace often create confusion. Uncontrolled airspace is not the same as unregulated or unoccupied. Uncontrolled airspace is airspace in which ATC separation services are not provided. However, that does not preclude aircraft from operating in the airspace, including Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) operations. Uncontrolled airports are similarly managed. While ATC services are not provided on the airport surface, aircraft can receive IFR air traffic clearances while the pilot retains responsibility to avoid obstacles and terrain until entering controlled airspace. The term uncontrolled does not mean that it is entirely outside the responsibility of the ANSP and aviation regulations still apply. Similarly, nonregulatory airspace does not exclude the airspace from the authority of the service provider. The management of the airspace is the same for both regulatory and nonregulatory airspace, the difference is that the FAA does not exercise enforcement authority over the operations of the using agency while operating inside nonregulatory airspace. Outside of SUA, military aircraft are subject to the Federal Air Regulations (FARs), inside nonregulatory SUA they are not.
The Air Traffic Control System
Published in V. David Hopkin, Human Factors in Air Traffic Control, 2017
The role of air traffic control depends on phase of flight. The primary distinction is between controlled airspace with an air traffic control service that is usually mandatory, and uncontrolled airspace where any service is usually advisory. In most countries, uncontrolled airspace is generally below normal cruising flight levels and away from airports. For commercial aircraft, different but coordinated air traffic control services are commonly provided for the following phases of flight in many countries: manoeuvres within an airport and its immediate vicinity, including take-off, landing and ground movements;flights within the terminal manoeuvring area around an airport, including the organization of aircraft approaching from different directions into one or more streams for landing, and the initial routeing of departing aircraft according to their destinations;flights cruising en route between the terminal areas of different airports, including the initial transition between the terminal area and the cruising state by climbing or descending;flights cruising beyond radar coverage, typically over oceans.
Navigation
Published in Suzanne K. Kearns, Fundamentals of International Aviation, 2021
Uncontrolled airspace refers to sectors where flight traffic is not supervised by ATC. Therefore, no clearance is required to enter uncontrolled airspace. ATC may provide support services to aircraft through radio communication, workload permitting. Aircraft in uncontrolled airspace typically operate under VFR and pilots are responsible for maintaining separation from other aircraft and terrain.
How Do General Aviation Pilots Choose Their Route When Flying in Complex Airspace?
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2019
As shown, GA pilots evaluate the action of flying the initial flight route by considering the airspace design across the route with respect to the technological requirements for the aircraft to fly through the various types of airspace and pilot-related factors. When the flight route passes through or near controlled or restricted airspace, pilots reassess the flight path during these segments and they make changes to the flight path and altitude (Theme 1). With access being forbidden to restricted airspace, pilots plan a route around these areas. However, for flights through controlled airspace, the decision is dichotomous. The pilots can either offset the route in uncontrolled airspace or plan to continue through controlled airspace. For ill-equipped aircraft or pilots who decide to fly in uncontrolled airspace, pilots offset the route in uncontrolled airspace and thus fly FB, so it is a matter of defining the separation distance from the controlled airspace.