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Airspace and air traffic management
Published in Lucy Budd, Stephen Ison, Air Transport Management, 2020
All qualified pilots can fly under VFR. Under VFR, the pilot in command is responsible for: the safety of the aircraft and its occupants;maintaining adequate separation from other aircraft (using the principle of see-and-avoid), both on the ground and in the air, to prevent collision;keeping clear of, and avoiding, terrain;navigation;ensuring adequate visibility and distance from cloud is maintained. Under VFR, pilots must be able to remain clear of clouds by at least 5,000 ft (1,524 m) horizontally and 1,000 ft (305 m) vertically and maintain forward visibility of at least 8 km. For certain flights in some areas of airspace and at low altitudes, the requirements are less stringent. An aircraft cannot be flown at night or above 20,000 ft (6,096 m) without special permission. VFR flights can be performed only if strict visual meteorological conditions (VMC), which describe the distance from cloud, cloud ceiling (height) and visibility, are met. When the view from an aircraft is restricted and navigation cannot be performed visually with reference to the ground, instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) must be followed. IMC minima are below those specified for VMC, and pilots can fly under IMC only if they hold a valid instrument rating.
The Design of the Air Traffic Control System
Published in Steven J. Landry, Handbook of Human Factors in Air Transportation Systems, 2017
Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) are defined as weather conditions in which pilots are able to see and avoid other aircraft. In general, pilots flying in VMC conditions comply with visual flight rules (VFR). VFR generally require that three to five miles of flight visibility be maintained at all times, that the aircraft remain clear of clouds, and that pilots have the responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft. Pilots provide their own air traffic separation. The ATC system may assist the pilots and may offer additional services, but the pilot has the ultimate responsibility to avoid other air traffic.
Human factors and labor markets
Published in Henry H. Perritt, Eliot O. Sprague, Domesticating Drones, 2016
Henry H. Perritt, Eliot O. Sprague
Instrumentation and interface requirements depend on whether a manned aircraft is equipped to fly under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) or only under Visual Flight Rules (VFR). The conditions for VFR vary somewhat, depending on altitude and type of airspace, but the most basic rule is that VFR requires visibility of at least 3 miles, a ceiling of at least 1,000 ft, and that the aircraft remain 1,000 ft above, 500 ft below, and 2,000 ft horizontally from any clouds. VFR operations do not require ATC clearances except for landing and taking off at airports with control towers.
Pilots’ Willingness to Operate in Unmanned Aircraft System Integrated Airspace
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2021
Lakshmi Vempati, Scott R. Winter, Stephen Rice, Valerie Gawron, John M. Robbins
Airspace was a key factor influencing willingness to pilot an aircraft, which is not entirely surprising. Pilots typically operate under well-established operational rules: visual flight rules (VFR) or instrument flight rules (IFR) in all classes of airspace. Current regulations clearly define operating rules by airspace classification, and pilots’ perspectives are guided by airspace. ATC provides services to all aircraft regardless of operating rules in higher airspace classes such as Class B and Class C. ATC services are provided to all IFR traffic and, time permitting, to VFR traffic in other airspace classes, such as Class D, Class E, and Class G. Pilots utilize a combination of communication, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) techniques for pilotage under all operating flight rules regardless of integration type. Thus, pilots were more favorable to UAS integrated operations in Class B and Class C and less favorable with decreasing airspace classifications. The type of integration and type of operation had no influence on pilots’ willingness to fly. Further research over a wider pilot population is necessary to confirm the theory.
Route planning in real time for short-range aircraft with a constant-volume-combustor-geared turbofan to minimize operating costs by particle swarm optimization
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
Ramón Fernando Colmenares-Quintero, Germán David Góez-Sánchez, Juan Carlos Colmenares-Quintero
An aerial system is a network of interconnected systems that includes human resources, operation procedures and certifications, routes, no-fly zones and all equipment used to provide safe air navigation services. The routes that are commonly referred to as airways are nominal routes that have a protected area that enables an aircraft to fly along a safe path at a safe altitude. In addition, the aviation authority sets the controlled and non-controlled airspace depending on the type of systems. For example, air traffic services may fully or partially prohibit flying per Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which establish the necessary conditions for a pilot to steer an aircraft, navigate and maintain a safe distance from any obstacle, only by sight (Anon, 2014; ICAO, 2009).