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Convention on International Civil Aviation
Published in Benjamyn I. Scott, Andrea Trimarchi, Fundamentals of International Aviation Law and Policy, 2019
Benjamyn I. Scott, Andrea Trimarchi
The existence of Air Defence Identification Zones (ADIZ) also complicates the matter. “Special designated airspace of defined dimensions within which aircraft are required to comply with special identification and/or reporting procedures additional to those related to the provision of air traffic services.”14 An ADIZ is a part of the airspace, either over land or water, whereby the identification, location and control of civil aircraft is performed by a State in the interest of national security. ADIZ can extend beyond a State’s territory, therefore it could be argued that a State is exercising its sovereignty beyond its territorial limits.15
chapter thirteen System of air vehicles
Published in Mo Jamshidi, Systems of Systems Engineering, 2017
All aircraft entering U.S. airspace from points outside must provide identification prior to entry [13]. To facilitate early identification of all aircraft in the vicinity of the U.S. and international airspace boundaries, air defense identification zones (ADIZs) have been established. Generally for all flights entering an ADIZ the following are required: (1) a filed flight plan, (2) an operable two-way radio, and (3) an operable radar beacon transponder with an altitude reporting capability. An ADIZ is normally located “off shore” or along U.S. boundaries. After September 11, 2001, an ADIZ has been created over both Washington D.C. and over New York City.
Development of a strategic policy for unmanned autonomous ships: a study on Taiwan
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2021
More than 80% of accidents at sea are caused by human error (de la Campa Portela 2005). To reduce accident occurrence, developing unmanned ships is considered a promising approach. In this study, marine-accident statistics recorded from 2013–2017 by the Taiwan Maritime Administration’s Maritime and Port Bureau were analyzed (MPB 2017). Figure 1 presents the primary causes of marine accidents in Taiwan from 2013 to 2017. The Taipei Air Defense Identification Zone was designated as the research range. Incidents of marine vehicle collision or contact, grounding or stranding, and other cases comprise approximately 71.3% of marine accidents, all of which can be attributed to human error. Furthermore, as indicated in Figure 1, most marine accidents were concentrated in the northern and southern waters of Taiwan, namely near Taipei and Keelung in the north and near the Port of Kaohsiung in the south, accounting for approximately 62% of all marine accidents. Accidents in sea areas outside of ports comprise approximately 21% of marine accidents. Analyses revealed that marine accidents are strongly correlated with ship traffic density, which corresponds to the conclusions of Cockcroft (1978). The Marine Traffic website determined that most marine accidents are concentrated in high-density ship areas. Thus, the number of marine accidents should significantly decrease if the number of human errors in areas with high ship density is reduced. Therefore, the development of unmanned ships may reduce the occurrences of marine accidents. Furthermore, because maritime training is currently based on seafarers being on duty, the maritime-education system should be reformed as a policy solution to reduce the incidence of maritime accidents caused by human error.