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Plastic Waste Management Practices
Published in Ashok K. Rathoure, Zero Waste, 2019
Savita Sharma, Sharada Mallubhotla
Co-processing involves the use of waste plastic in industrial processes as an alternative fuel or raw material (AFRs). As compared to incineration and land filling methods of waste disposal, co-processing is more eco-friendly and an efficient method. In this method, no residue is left after treatment and it also reduces emission of harmful toxic gases. In various countries, co-processing of waste plastics in cement kilns for management of both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes has been successfully studied. Nowadays, central pollution control boards (CPCB) and state pollution control boards (SPCBs) provide consent for the use of plastic wastes as AFRs in different cement plants (Siddiqui and Pandey, 2013). This technology has emerged as an advantage for cement industry and also for authorities involved in waste management.
An Overview of Fossil Fuel and Biomass-Based Integrated Energy Systems
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Dai-Viet N. Vo, Fuel Processing and Energy Utilization, 2019
Ejaz Ahmad, Ayush Vani, Kamal K. Pant
Biomass has limited supply and is not available in enough quantity to completely replace the fossil fuels. Although the production of energy crops may be helpful to overcome such limitations, there is a possibility that energy crop production may cause an adverse effect on the ecological balance. Furthermore, possible conflict in land utilization for food biomass and energy crops may arise. In addition, replacing fossil fuel entirely with biomass may require an entirely new infrastructure, equipment, and machinery, which in turn will become an extra economic burden to the refineries. Nevertheless, partial replacement of fossil fuel with biomass can be done without requiring any significant change in existing refinery setups. In this context, co-processing techniques such as co-firing, co-pyrolysis, co-liquefaction, and co-gasification can offer economic and environmental advantages. Co-processing of fossil fuel and biomass does not necessarily require a significant change in the existing setups, whereas it improves the end-products properties. Moreover, replacing fossil fuel with bio-renewable feedstock could partially create a closed carbon loop, thereby suppressing an increase in overall greenhouse gas emissions.
Alternative fuels and raw materials
Published in Anjan Kumar Chatterjee, Cement Production Technology, 2018
Co-processing refers to the utilization of suitable waste material in the manufacturing process for the purpose of energy and/or resource recovery and resultant reduction in the use of conventional fuels and/or raw materials. The clinker and cement manufacturing system has certain operational features that make it eminently suitable for co-processing of AFR.
Dispersion characteristics of the plug flow hazardous waste by multiple gas jets
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Guangming Guo, Xiaowen Zheng, Miao Wu
Hazardous wastes are solid wastes or liquid wastes that have one or more hazardous characteristics such as toxicity, corrosiveness, flammability, reactivity or infectivity, or that do not exclude hazardous characteristics and may have harmful effects on the environment or human health. Hazardous wastes usually include distillation residues, organic solvents, waste mineral oil, etc.Woven bags, iron barrels and wooden pallets transporting the hazardous wastes also belong to pollutants (Cudahy 1999; Hartenstein and Horvay 1996). Since the 1970s, developed countries such as Germany, Japan, the United States, Switzerland and Canada have begun to use the cement industry to dispose of waste. The collaborative disposal of hazardous waste in cement kilns has the advantages of high treatment temperature, stable combustion state, long incineration residence time, solidification of harmful elements and so on (Brunner 1993; David 1990). Cement kilns co-processing hazardous solid wastes mostly use crushing, mixing, and pumping processes to transport the hazardous waste to the cement kiln calciner through pipelines for incineration (Guangming 2018; Guangming et al. 2019; Guangming, Xiaowen, and Charnay 2018). As shown in Figure 1, the hazardous waste pit contains a mixture of iron drum skins, woven bags, and plastic drums, which, after being crushed, are generally mixed with hazardous waste sludge and distillation residues in a certain proportion. Then the obtained mixture is pumped. Owing to the viscosity of the material, plug flow occurs during the pipeline transportation (Wu et al. 2016; Wu et al. 2013; Wu et al. 2014). When the viscous material enters the calciner in the form of plug flow, the CO and NOx emitted by the cement kiln fluctuate greatly due to insufficient combustion. In severe cases, the cement kiln is shut down due to the substandard emission.Therefore, it is very important to disperse the plug flow in order to combust sufficiently. Gas jet is an economical and feasible method at present.
Low carbon cement manufacturing in India by co-processing of alternative fuel and raw materials
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019
Rahul Baidya, Sadhan Kumar Ghosh
Co-processing not only serves a certain part of the energy and raw materials demand but moreover, it leads to a reduction in the amount of wastes, which would have otherwise required disposal solutions such as landfilling, incineration, etc. Another big advantage of feeding waste materials in cement kilns is zero residue formation as all the input material assimilate into clinker (Damtoft et al. 2008).