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Building materials and construction techniques of monuments
Published in George G. Penelis, Gregory G. Penelis, Structural Restoration of Masonry Monuments, 2020
George G. Penelis, Gregory G. Penelis
Lime mortar is composed of lime and an aggregate like sand or sand and gravel mixed with water. It was used first in ancient Egypt about 6,000 years ago. It was used extensively in the past all over the world and continues to be used even today. The binder is primarily composed of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Lime is produced first by heating pure calcium carbonate (CaCO3), namely limestone, at the grade of 954°C–1,066°C driving off carbon dioxide (CO2) producing calcium oxide (CaO) called ‘quick lime’. This procedure is carried out in a lime kiln. The quick lime is then slacked; in other words, it is mixed with enough water with which it reacts to form hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) in the form of a slurry. This slurry is transformed in due time to ‘lime putty’. This lime putty mixed with aggregate and water gives the lime mortar, which sets and hardens in due time.
Lime, cement and concrete
Published in Arthur Lyons, Materials for Architects and Builders, 2019
Various advantages of lime-based mortars over Portland cement mortars are reported. The production of building lime consumes less energy, thus reducing greenhouse emissions compared to the equivalent manufacture of Portland cement. The subsequent carbonation process removes CO2 from the atmosphere. Lime-based mortars remain sufficiently flexible to allow thermal and moisture movement, but additionally, due to the presence of uncarbonated lime, any minor cracks are subsequently healed by the action of rainwater. The recycling of bricks and blocks is easier due to the lower adherence of the mortar. Lime mortar construction is more breathable than Portland cement masonry, and lime mortars are more resistant to sulphate attack than standard Portland cement mixes due to their lower tricalcium aluminate content.
Evaluation of repair mortar materials for old monuments in southern India
Published in F. Dehn, H.-D. Beushausen, M.G. Alexander, P. Moyo, Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting IV, 2015
S. Divya Rani, Madhubanti Deb, Manu Santhanam, Ravindra Gettu
The results of lab based specimens showed that the compressive and flexural strength of cement mortar is much higher than the lime mortar mixes. The cement mortar can be found to be stronger than the substrate rendering it unfit for the purpose. Both the lime mixes had compressive strength in the prescribed range and can be considered suitable for repair of historic masonry. The cement mortar showed the highest risk in terms of compatibility and both the lime mixes satisfy the condition with minimum risk of incompatibility.
Mechanical and Structural Investigation of Traditional Masonry Systems with Diverse Types of Bricks and Hydrated Lime Mortars
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2023
Gayoon Lee, Jun Hyoung Park, Chan Hee Lee, Sung-Min Lee, Kihak Lee
Figure 8 illustrates the flexural strength of the mortar specimens. The highest and smallest observed values of flexural strength were 0.521MPa (CL-11) and 0.27MPa (PL-13), respectively. As with the compressive strength test specimens, CL, LL, and PL, in order had greater strength. The flexural strength with the 1:1 mixing ratio was greater than the flexural strength with the 1:3 mixing ratio. Lime mortar is generated by mixing hydrated lime and sand and follows the mineralogical characteristics of the raw material. An X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was performed to confirm the difference in the mineral phases or the mixing ratio that may occur during the curing process. Very strong diffraction intensities of quartz were detected in all samples, and calcite was identified. The characteristics observed by XRD reflected the mixing ratio rather than the type of lime.
Influence of organic additive on carbonation of air lime mortar – changes in mechanical and mineralogical characteristics
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2022
Simon Jayasingh, Thirumalini Selvaraj
Heritage structures are standing examples of assuring durability and performance (Papayianni & Stefanidou, 2007; Singh, Vinodh Kumar, & Waghmare, 2015). Lime, one of the oldest materials, was used as a binder in the construction of traditional buildings. Lime mortar, a blend of lime (binder), fine aggregate (usually river sand) and water with designed proportions, has been in use for ages. Faster construction has lead to the development of cement binder in the late nineteenth century and has been the cause for the fall of traditionally used lime binder (Callebaut, Elsen, Van Balen, & Viaene, 2001) as the cement mortar has outperformed in providing higher mechanical resistance, lower setting time, etc. over lime mortar (Lawrence, 2006).
Evaluating the Impact of Organic Addition and Aggregate Gradation on Air Lime Mortar: New Compatible Green Material for Heritage Application
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2022
Simon Jayasingh, Thirumalini Selvaraj, Simona Raneri
Hence, from this study, it is evident that the combined influence of organic additive, Fig Fruit, and grain size distribution imprints the rate of carbonation, thereby increasing the mechanical resistance and the performance of the organic modified lime mortar. The improved physical and mechanical properties of such mixtures indicate that organic modified lime mortar might be considered compatible and eco-friendly materials that can be successfully used in heritage building conservations and for new infrastructures.